{
  "personId": "frank-whittle",
  "uid": "SL-0157",
  "name": "弗兰克·惠特尔",
  "version": "V2研究贡献账",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-15",
  "formula": {
    "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1",
    "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ",
    "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ",
    "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)"
  },
  "scopeNote": "本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。",
  "exclusions": [
    {
      "id": "WHITTLE-MILITARY-USE-AND-WAR-CONSEQUENCE-BOUNDARY",
      "title": "其他经历与影响待核",
      "reason": "Welland用于Gloster Meteor、喷气技术进入军事体系可以确认，但现有有限来源没有把某次行动、伤亡、平民结果或战争进程与Whittle个人建立可量化因果链。技术交付不等于军用任务的净正向文明价值；德国Me 262/Jumo属于独立路线，也不归Whittle。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "相关史料",
          "url": "https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/quiz-the-design-race-of-the-turbojet-engine"
        },
        {
          "label": "相关史料",
          "url": "https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/10403/chapter/47"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "OUT-SL0157-TURBOJET-CONCEPT-W1-FIRST-BRITISH-FLIGHT-1928-1941",
      "title": "涡喷构想到 Power Jets WU/W.1 与英国首次喷气飞行",
      "year": "1928—1941",
      "summary": "Whittle把压气、连续燃烧、涡轮驱动和排气推力组织成航空涡喷方案，提出需求与初步设计并修正气动问题；Power Jets、BTH和Hawthorne等解决制造、涡轮效率和燃烧稳定，Gloster团队把发动机接入机体并完成飞行验证。",
      "mReason": "M6.0高于Watt成熟动力系统M5.8，因为本案开启了一个新的航空推进架构并完成实际飞行闭环；低于Pearl Street M6.3的持续城市服务系统，因为W.1仍是试验原型，尚未形成量产和广泛服务。工程成果没有类别上限，限制来自交付阶段。",
      "aReason": "Whittle以理论思路、方案组织、初步设计和气动修正获0.40；Hawthorne的燃烧稳定关键方案0.10；Power Jets团队0.18；BTH工程制造0.07；Gloster机体与飞行测试0.08；Air Ministry/RAF制度支持0.05；燃气轮机等前史0.07；未知0.05。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "www.asme.org",
          "url": "https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/frank-whittle"
        },
        {
          "label": "www.rafmuseum.org.uk",
          "url": "https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/LargePrintGuides/Prepare.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk",
          "url": "https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/coventry-city-of-culture-2021-driving-innovation/"
        },
        {
          "label": "www.nationalacademies.org",
          "url": "https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/10403/chapter/47"
        },
        {
          "label": "www.nationalacademies.org",
          "url": "https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/18477/chapter/24"
        }
      ],
      "missing": "BTH、Power Jets、RAE及试飞环节的具名工程分工未完整。；未以1941原型推定后世民航或军用净收益。",
      "status": "缺证暂估",
      "overlapNote": "把1928年压缩空气、喷油燃烧和排气推进的理论思路，1930专利、Power Jets建立、WU/W.1设计试验，以及1941年W.1驱动Gloster E.28/39完成英国首次喷气动力飞行视为一条连续方法—原型交付终态。论文、专利、每次台架运行、燃烧修正和首飞不分别累加M。排除W.2/Welland量产转移、后世民航、所有燃气轮机及战争结果。",
      "M": "6.0",
      "budget": [
        {
          "actor": "弗兰克·惠特尔",
          "actorId": "SL-0157",
          "type": "SUBJECT",
          "share": "0.40"
        },
        {
          "actor": "William Hawthorne",
          "actorId": "EXT-NAME:WILLIAM-HAWTHORNE",
          "type": "COLLABORATOR",
          "share": "0.10"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Power Jets设计、试验与制造团队",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W1::POWER-JETS-DESIGN-TEST-MANUFACTURING-TEAM",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.18"
        },
        {
          "actor": "BTH工程与制造团队",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W1::BTH-ENGINEERING-MANUFACTURING",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.07"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Gloster机体与试飞团队",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W1::GLOSTER-AIRFRAME-FLIGHT-TEST",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.08"
        },
        {
          "actor": "英国航空部与皇家空军支持",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W1::AIR-MINISTRY-RAF-INSTITUTIONAL-SUPPORT",
          "type": "INSTITUTION",
          "share": "0.05"
        },
        {
          "actor": "燃气轮机、压气机与涡轮前史",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W1::GAS-TURBINE-COMPRESSOR-TURBINE-PREHISTORY",
          "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL",
          "share": "0.07"
        },
        {
          "actor": "未识别归属",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W1::UNKNOWN",
          "type": "UNALLOCATED",
          "share": "0.05"
        }
      ],
      "share": "0.40",
      "exactLight": "399.60",
      "light": "399.600000",
      "standaloneScore": "5.21",
      "lightSharePercent": "87.7822"
    },
    {
      "id": "OUT-SL0157-W2-WELLAND-PRODUCTION-TRANSFER-1940-1944",
      "title": "W.2 系列向 Rover、Rolls-Royce 与 Welland/Meteor 的工程转移",
      "year": "1940—1944",
      "summary": "Whittle和Power Jets团队继续W.2b、W.2/500、W.2/700设计；政府安排生产转移，Rover开展独立制造尝试，Rolls-Royce与Whittle团队协作完成可靠性测试和生产工程，Gloster与RAF完成机体及飞行集成。",
      "mReason": "M4.8反映从原型到生产转移、100小时型式测试和机体集成的实质工程残余，高于单件工具M3；由于W.1已消费核心架构，且缺生产量、可靠性和非军事使用效果，低于ACE式完整架构M5及Watt系统M5.8。",
      "aReason": "Whittle个人持续设计方向0.15；Power Jets W.2设计团队0.20；Rover独立制造与改设0.10；Rolls-Royce工程制造和型式试验0.20；Air Ministry转移组织0.10；Gloster/RAF集成0.10；W.1和硬件前史0.10；未知0.05。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "www.rafmuseum.org.uk",
          "url": "https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/LargePrintGuides/Prepare.pdf"
        },
        {
          "label": "www.nationalacademies.org",
          "url": "https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/10403/chapter/47"
        }
      ],
      "missing": "缺生产量、故障、维护和部署任务数据。；Rover、Rolls-Royce与Power Jets的逐项设计权仍未完全分解。",
      "status": "缺证暂估",
      "overlapNote": "只计1940–1944年Power Jets W.2系列设计向Rover和Rolls-Royce制造体系转移、协作完成100小时型式试验，并形成Welland/Meteor动力集成的残余工程交付。W.1已领取涡喷原理、原型和首次飞行；本点不再次发明涡喷，不把Rover自行改设归给Whittle，也不计Meteor战果和全部RAF行动。",
      "M": "4.8",
      "budget": [
        {
          "actor": "弗兰克·惠特尔",
          "actorId": "SL-0157",
          "type": "SUBJECT",
          "share": "0.15"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Power Jets W.2系列设计团队",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W2::POWER-JETS-W2B-W2-500-W2-700-DESIGN-TEAM",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.20"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Rover公司",
          "actorId": "INSTITUTION:ROVER",
          "type": "INSTITUTION",
          "share": "0.10"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Rolls-Royce工程、制造与型式试验",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W2::ROLLS-ROYCE-ENGINEERING-MANUFACTURING-TYPE-TEST",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.20"
        },
        {
          "actor": "航空部生产转移支持",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W2::AIR-MINISTRY-PRODUCTION-TRANSFER",
          "type": "INSTITUTION",
          "share": "0.10"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Gloster与皇家空军飞行整合",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W2::GLOSTER-RAF-AIRFRAME-FLIGHT-INTEGRATION",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.10"
        },
        {
          "actor": "W.1及既有硬件技术",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W2::W1-AND-HARDWARE-PREDECESSORS",
          "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL",
          "share": "0.10"
        },
        {
          "actor": "未识别归属",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-W2::UNKNOWN",
          "type": "UNALLOCATED",
          "share": "0.05"
        }
      ],
      "share": "0.15",
      "exactLight": "37.52829647264370166627548101698991091237777151173713143019832631362364871585341962680776513316695438",
      "light": "37.528296",
      "standaloneScore": "3.17",
      "lightSharePercent": "8.2440"
    },
    {
      "id": "OUT-SL0157-POSTWAR-JET-KNOWLEDGE-DELIVERY-1945-1981",
      "title": "战后喷气推进公开讲演、著作与工程教学",
      "year": "1945—1981",
      "summary": "Whittle把亲历的早期技术史和后续空气动力学知识通过讲座、著作、教授任职与教材交付给工程共同体。",
      "mReason": "M2.8接近一般工具M3：交付跨讲座、书籍和教学，但现有材料只证明载体存在，未测读者、课堂覆盖或工程采用，因此不升为大规模教育服务。",
      "aReason": "Whittle作为演讲者、作者和教师0.75；编辑出版0.10；IMechE和美国海军学院等承载机构0.05；研究教学交付支持0.05；未知0.05。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "archives.imeche.org",
          "url": "https://archives.imeche.org/archive/institution-history/175th-anniversary/1939-1945-second-world-war"
        },
        {
          "label": "www.nationalacademies.org",
          "url": "https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/10403/chapter/47"
        },
        {
          "label": "centreforscientificarchives.co.uk",
          "url": "https://centreforscientificarchives.co.uk/catalogues/sir-frank-whittle/"
        }
      ],
      "missing": "缺课堂、读者和后续工程实践效果。；档案目录证明材料存在但不等于全部内容已核读。",
      "status": "缺证暂估",
      "overlapNote": "把1945年首次公开工程演讲、其喷气推进史著作、美国海军学院研究教授任职和1981燃气轮机空气动力学教材合为一个战后公共知识交付家族。演讲、自传、课程和教材不逐件累加；不重复W.1/W.2工程，也不领取晚年全部燃气轮机发展。",
      "M": "2.8",
      "budget": [
        {
          "actor": "弗兰克·惠特尔",
          "actorId": "SL-0157",
          "type": "SUBJECT",
          "share": "0.75"
        },
        {
          "actor": "编辑与出版者",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-KNOWLEDGE::EDITORS-PUBLISHERS",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.10"
        },
        {
          "actor": "机械工程师学会及美国海军学院",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-KNOWLEDGE::IMECH-E-US-NAVAL-ACADEMY-HOSTS",
          "type": "INSTITUTION",
          "share": "0.05"
        },
        {
          "actor": "研究、教学与公共传播支持",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-KNOWLEDGE::RESEARCH-TEACHING-PUBLIC-DELIVERY-SUPPORT",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.05"
        },
        {
          "actor": "未识别归属",
          "actorId": "WHITTLE-KNOWLEDGE::UNKNOWN",
          "type": "UNALLOCATED",
          "share": "0.05"
        }
      ],
      "share": "0.75",
      "exactLight": "18.08914823632185083313774050849495545618888575586856571509916315681182435792670981340388256658347719",
      "light": "18.089148",
      "standaloneScore": "2.56",
      "lightSharePercent": "3.9737"
    }
  ],
  "exactTotalLight": "455.2174447089655524994132215254848663685666572676056971452974894704354730737801294402116476997504316",
  "totalLight": "455.217445",
  "exactScore": "5.318343775366543059496972139905779727416513441102187360171030318924621155761329734339083347098593640",
  "displayScore": "5.32",
  "provisionalCount": 3,
  "provenance": {
    "releaseId": "research-200-20260914",
    "baselineLedgerSha256": "8bdd406b3e20ae22357644499e622922c670ff11010df0478c70c23b38902108",
    "c24DeltaSha256": "b0b96144d1d3397e54a61c3d706ff2da5920fe7617e3bef50407149cb97d9d62",
    "generatorSha256": "25de659e9852503508e7c27d8a31773b8da5d6310531b1e3699d18cc94319929"
  },
  "priorScopeNote": "3项已列贡献的研究估分，含3项暂估。账本覆盖有限的主要成果，尚未穷尽生涯。M与归功份额是可修订的评估判断；未覆盖经历和负面影响不按零处理。",
  "rank": 133
}