{ "personId": "grace-hopper", "uid": "SL-0298", "name": "格蕾丝·霍珀", "version": "V2研究贡献账", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15", "formula": { "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1", "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ", "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ", "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)" }, "scopeNote": "本轮当前已列5项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。", "exclusions": [ { "id": "HOPPER-NET-LIFETIME", "title": "完整生涯的净影响", "reason": "现有材料针对可定位的技术与组织交付，未建立涵盖其全部生涯后果的正负影响账本。" }, { "id": "HOPPER-DEBUG-MOTH", "title": "“debug”一词与飞蛾事件", "reason": "飞蛾记录不构成霍珀发明调试或“bug”用语的证据，未设贡献点。" } ], "items": [ { "id": "OUT-SL0298-1957-1959-FLOW-MATIC-BUSINESS-LANGUAGE", "title": "FLOW-MATIC 面向业务的编译语言", "year": "1957", "summary": "领导或参与 Univac 自动编程团队交付 FLOW-MATIC，以英语式业务表述为目标，形成 A-0 之后面向业务的编译语言家族。", "mReason": "M5.2高于A-0 M4.7，因为FLOW-MATIC从自动编程原型推进到面向业务的问题语言和团队交付；与Watt冷凝方法M5.2同属可复用方法档，但没有把COBOL或后世商业计算收入。", "aReason": "Hopper以方向和团队领导0.35；UNIVAC语言与编译实现团队0.35；Sperry/Remington Rand制度与产品交付0.10；A-0、业务计算和语言前史0.10；未知0.10。", "sources": [ { "label": "Computer History Museum：1957年 FLOW-MATIC 宣传册", "url": "https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/doc-4372956d57d94/" }, { "label": "Computer History Museum：Hopper 与 FLOW-MATIC", "url": "https://computerhistory.org/blog/math-miracles-for-missileers-the-aerospace-industry-computer-programming-and-the-rise-of-ibm/" } ], "missing": "未完整读取语言手册。；具体语法和编译实现者未分解。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计1957–1959年面向英语式业务表述的FLOW-MATIC语言、宣传材料与可定位编译器项目工件。A-0作为已消费前驱；COBOL只领取跨机构标准化新增。排除所有商业软件、跨机计算和COBOL运行规模。", "M": "5.2", "budget": [ { "actor": "格蕾丝·霍珀", "actorId": "SL-0298", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.35" }, { "actor": "UNIVAC 自动编程语言团队", "actorId": "HOPPER-FLOW-MATIC::UNIVAC-AUTOMATIC-PROGRAMMING-LANGUAGE-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.35" }, { "actor": "Sperry Rand UNIVAC", "actorId": "INSTITUTION:SPERRY-RAND-UNIVAC", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "A-0 与业务计算语言前史", "actorId": "HOPPER-FLOW-MATIC::A0-BUSINESS-COMPUTING-LANGUAGE-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "HOPPER-FLOW-MATIC::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.35", "exactLight": "138.9875096937240377695883067807132152206869630540831564028494518210786988543103136759064090625820761", "light": "138.987510", "standaloneScore": "4.29", "lightSharePercent": "32.1383" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0298-1958-1960S-COBOL-CODASYL-IMPLEMENTATION-ADVOCACY", "title": "COBOL 的共同制定、实现与推广", "year": "1958", "summary": "将 FLOW-MATIC 经验带入 CODASYL 与 Univac 的 COBOL 规范落实、跨机构协调和推广。该语言由委员会共同制定，Hopper 的角色包括技术顾问与规格落实；早期实现由 Remington Rand Univac 与 RCA 团队完成。", "mReason": "M5.8与Watt成熟系统同档：COBOL形成跨机构规范、跨厂商实现和持续推广的实际语言标准交付。它的M不等于Hopper个人份额；个人a仅0.15，避免以声誉吞没委员会和实现团队。", "aReason": "Hopper以Univac技术顾问、规格落实和推广0.15；Mary Hawes、Cunningham、Jack Jones、Al Ash领导与需求0.25；Bemer、Baird技术输入0.15；CODASYL委员会0.20；Remington Rand和RCA实现0.15；FLOW-MATIC前驱0.05；未知0.05。", "sources": [ { "label": "Computer History Museum：Hopper 口述史", "url": "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hopper_Grace/102702026.05.01.pdf" }, { "label": "Smithsonian：COBOL 展览说明", "url": "https://womenshistory.si.edu/exhibitions/cobol%3Aevent-exhib-4681" } ], "missing": "未逐项读取CODASYL会议记录和1960年规格文本。；具名领导和委员会内部份额是粗粒度估值。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计1958至1960年代CODASYL中共同制定COBOL、落实规格、跨机测试、早期Remington Rand/RCA实现和Hopper的推广。FLOW-MATIC只作为前驱输入；不计整个COBOL运行史、全部商业计算或每版标准。", "M": "5.8", "budget": [ { "actor": "格蕾丝·霍珀", "actorId": "SL-0298", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "Mary Hawes、Cunningham、Jack Jones、Al Ash（COBOL 组织领导）", "actorId": "HOPPER-COBOL::HAWES-CUNNINGHAM-JONES-ASH-LEADERSHIP", "type": "COLLABORATOR_POOL", "share": "0.25" }, { "actor": "Bob Bemer 与 George Baird（COBOL 技术输入）", "actorId": "HOPPER-COBOL::BEMER-BAIRD-TECHNICAL-INPUT", "type": "COLLABORATOR_POOL", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "CODASYL 委员会", "actorId": "HOPPER-COBOL::CODASYL-COMMITTEE", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "Remington Rand 与 RCA 的 COBOL 实现团队", "actorId": "HOPPER-COBOL::REMINGTON-RAND-RCA-IMPLEMENTATION", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "FLOW-MATIC 前序语言贡献", "actorId": "HOPPER-COBOL::FLOW-MATIC-PREDECESSOR", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "HOPPER-COBOL::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.15", "exactLight": "118.9992352086422253098877424254581898883440947633226498138485893975433545787231306245642877770785417", "light": "118.999235", "standaloneScore": "4.16", "lightSharePercent": "27.5164" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0298-1951-1952-A0-AUTOMATIC-PROGRAMMING-TOOL", "title": "A-0 自动编程工具", "year": "1951", "summary": "在 UNIVAC I 语境下设计 A-0 原型编译器，把可复用程序片段和指令的自动生成组织为独立工具；后续开发由自动编程团队共同完成。", "mReason": "M4.7接近ACE M5但略低：A-0开启自动编程工具方向并有原型叙述，但缺原始手册、运行工件和采用范围。它高于一般工具M3，因为改变了程序构造方式。", "aReason": "Hopper以工具设计和预算演示模型0.50；UNIVAC自动编程团队0.25；子程序、汇编与编程前史0.15；机构资源0.05；未知0.05。", "sources": [ { "label": "Computer History Museum：Grace Hopper", "url": "https://computerhistory.org/blog/computing-luminaries-honored-with-presidential-medal-of-freedom/" }, { "label": "Computer History Museum：Hopper 口述史", "url": "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hopper_Grace/102702026.05.01.pdf" } ], "missing": "缺A-0原始手册和运行工件。；CHM采用proto-compiler/one of the first措辞，优先权保持开放。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计1951–1952年UNIVAC I语境下把可复用程序片段和指令组织为A-0自动生成工具及前期可演示模型。不宣称无争议的世界首个编译器，不计后续所有编译器、汇编器、高级语言或FLOW-MATIC。", "M": "4.7", "budget": [ { "actor": "格蕾丝·霍珀", "actorId": "SL-0298", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.50" }, { "actor": "UNIVAC 自动编程团队", "actorId": "HOPPER-A0::UNIVAC-AUTOMATIC-PROGRAMMING-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.25" }, { "actor": "子程序与汇编编程前史", "actorId": "HOPPER-A0::SUBROUTINE-ASSEMBLY-PROGRAMMING-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "Remington Rand UNIVAC", "actorId": "INSTITUTION:REMINGTON-RAND-UNIVAC", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "HOPPER-A0::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.50", "exactLight": "111.4360569284169805977475426232871166853630698841901764032676616978358966789007154883723809745463885", "light": "111.436057", "standaloneScore": "4.10", "lightSharePercent": "25.7675" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0298-1960S-1986-STANDARDIZATION-VALIDATION-TEACHING", "title": "语言标准化、验证与教学传播", "year": "1960", "summary": "参与计算机语言标准化组织，并围绕标准语言、程序可移植性和培训开展长期传播；验证服务属于海军、GSA 与委员会共同构成的制度环境。", "mReason": "M4.2反映跨多年委员会、验证和教学的持续制度服务，高于一般工具M3；因完整课次、验证项目和采用效果不足，低于A-0与语言本体。", "aReason": "Hopper的委员会和推广服务0.35；Norm Ream标准化输入0.10；ANSI/CODASYL团队0.20；Navy/GSA验证制度0.15；教学传播支持0.10；标准化前史0.05；未知0.05。", "sources": [ { "label": "美国海军历史：Grace Murray Hopper", "url": "https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/biographical-files/modern-biographical-files-ndl/modern-bios-h/hopper-grace-murray-text.html" }, { "label": "Computer History Museum：Hopper 口述史", "url": "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hopper_Grace/102702026.05.01.pdf" } ], "missing": "Navy人物页本轮只有检索摘要，未核完整正文。；缺验证项目、课程和听众规模。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计1960年代至1986年Hopper在ANSI/CODASYL语言标准化、Navy/GSA验证体系和公开教学推广中的实际服务。COBOL初始制定由前一点领取；不计所有标准版本、军方软件、学生未来成果或全部计算教育。", "M": "4.2", "budget": [ { "actor": "格蕾丝·霍珀", "actorId": "SL-0298", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.35" }, { "actor": "Norm Ream（标准化合作者）", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:NORM-REAM", "type": "COLLABORATOR", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "ANSI 与 CODASYL 标准化委员会", "actorId": "HOPPER-STANDARDS::ANSI-CODASYL-COMMITTEES", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "美国海军与 GSA 的验证服务体系", "actorId": "HOPPER-STANDARDS::NAVY-GSA-VALIDATION-SYSTEM", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "教学与沟通支持人员", "actorId": "HOPPER-STANDARDS::TEACHING-COMMUNICATION-SUPPORT", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "语言标准化前史", "actorId": "HOPPER-STANDARDS::LANGUAGE-STANDARDIZATION-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "HOPPER-STANDARDS::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.35", "exactLight": "43.71238941279585236483839372385302121327660933134258741877730568343266655238757084423678381965811595", "light": "43.712389", "standaloneScore": "3.30", "lightSharePercent": "10.1077" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0298-1944-1947-MARK-I-OPERATIONS-MANUAL-DOCUMENTATION", "title": "Harvard Mark I 操作手册与早期程序文档", "year": "1944", "summary": "在 Harvard Computation Laboratory 的 Mark I 运行和程序实践中参与形成操作手册与共同技术文献；1946年操作手册列 Hopper 为作者并注明其为总编辑。", "mReason": "M3.5高于一般文档或工具M3，因为手册把复杂早期计算机操作知识交付给后续操作者；馆藏只证明总编辑和共同署名，未证明逐章写作与采用规模，故远低于ACE架构M5。", "aReason": "Hopper以总编辑、程序文档组织0.35；Aiken共同技术署名0.20；实验室手册和编程团队0.25；Harvard、IBM、Navy制度与设备条件0.10；未知0.10。", "sources": [ { "label": "Smithsonian：Mark I 操作手册", "url": "https://www.si.edu/object/manual-operation-automatic-sequence-controlled-calculator-staff-computation-laboratory-foreword%3Asiris_sil_143708" }, { "label": "Smithsonian：Hopper 馆藏档案项目", "url": "https://www.americanhistory.si.edu/ne/collections/archival-item/sova-nmah-ac-0324-ref14" } ], "missing": "未逐章核定Hopper写作比例。；缺手册使用者规模和具体操作效果。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计1944–1947年Harvard Computation Laboratory把Mark I操作、编程与技术知识整理为Hopper担任总编辑的手册和与Aiken共同署名的技术文献。排除Mark I硬件发明、整个弹道项目和军方计算成果，也不以章节数累加M。", "M": "3.5", "budget": [ { "actor": "格蕾丝·霍珀", "actorId": "SL-0298", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.35" }, { "actor": "Howard Aiken（Mark I 合作者）", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:HOWARD-AIKEN", "type": "COLLABORATOR", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "Harvard Computation Laboratory 手册与编程人员", "actorId": "HOPPER-MARK-I::HARVARD-COMPUTATION-LAB-MANUAL-PROGRAMMING-STAFF", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.25" }, { "actor": "Harvard、IBM 与美国海军的制度支持", "actorId": "HOPPER-MARK-I::HARVARD-IBM-NAVY-INSTITUTIONAL-SUPPORT", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "HOPPER-MARK-I::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.35", "exactLight": "19.33194638166221781382328639217684310138878650845420824285912983075592490250719971170502945841771071", "light": "19.331946", "standaloneScore": "2.62", "lightSharePercent": "4.4702" } ], "exactTotalLight": "432.4671376252413138558852719454883861090595235413927782816021384306465415668289303447848910922828329", "totalLight": "432.467138", "exactScore": "5.273912355924321086081195656796804284888953666489253717291057445654282646343060371628998962016010690", "displayScore": "5.27", "provisionalCount": 5, "provenance": { "releaseId": "research-200-20260914", "baselineLedgerSha256": "8bdd406b3e20ae22357644499e622922c670ff11010df0478c70c23b38902108", "c24DeltaSha256": "b0b96144d1d3397e54a61c3d706ff2da5920fe7617e3bef50407149cb97d9d62", "generatorSha256": "25de659e9852503508e7c27d8a31773b8da5d6310531b1e3699d18cc94319929" }, "priorScopeNote": "5项已列贡献的研究估分，含5项暂估。账本覆盖有限的主要成果，尚未穷尽生涯。M与归功份额是可修订的评估判断；未覆盖经历和负面影响不按零处理。", "rank": 140 }