{ "personId": "henry-bessemer", "uid": "SL-0204", "name": "亨利·贝塞麦", "version": "V2研究贡献账", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15", "formula": { "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1", "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ", "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ", "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)" }, "scopeNote": "本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。", "exclusions": [ { "id": "BESSEMER-HIGH-PHOSPHORUS-AND-CARBON-CONTROL", "title": "高磷原料适用性与碳量控制改良", "reason": "早期转炉法存在原料与碳量控制限制。Mushet的碳控制改进纳入同一转炉成果的共同预算，其份额归于Mushet；Thomas的脱磷方案属于后继独立成果，未纳入本点。", "sources": [ { "label": "科学博物馆：Henry Bessemer 生平与工艺边界", "url": "https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onward-ever-sir-henry-bessemer-frs-19-1-1813-15-3-1898/" }, { "label": "科学博物馆集团：1865年贝塞麦试验转炉", "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co19568/original-pilot-bessemer-converter-1865" } ] }, { "id": "BESSEMER-STEEL-INDUSTRY-DOWNSTREAM", "title": "后续钢铁工业的全部扩张", "reason": "转炉法的工厂适配、许可、运营和后续采用由工程团队、工厂和使用者共同完成，现有证据不足以把铁路、桥梁等下游产业结果逐项归于贝塞麦。", "sources": [ { "label": "机械工程师学会：Henry Bessemer 档案", "url": "https://archives.imeche.org/archive/industrial/henry-bessemer" } ] } ], "items": [ { "id": "OUT-SL0204-1855-1865-AIR-BLOWN-STEEL-CONVERTER", "title": "Kelly—Bessemer独立空气脱碳、转炉与早期商业钢法整合", "year": "1851–1866", "summary": "英美两条独立送风脱碳路线，与碳含量控制、转炉结构和早期权利整合共同形成可用工艺。", "mReason": "按独立送风脱碳、碳含量控制与早期转炉工程形成的同一通用工艺估计M6.2；纳入炉内气体与高温劳动风险，不领取下游全部产业收益。", "aReason": "贝塞麦34%、凯利13%、马歇特14%、英国工程与巴罗团队14%、美国1866年权利整合7%、前史8%、未解析10%。", "sources": [ { "label": "原始专利与工艺史：www.acs.org", "url": "https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/kelly-iron.html" }, { "label": "原始专利与工艺史：reach.ieee.org", "url": "https://reach.ieee.org/primary-sources/william-kelly-us-patent-manuf-of-iron-steel/" }, { "label": "原始专利与工艺史：repository.si.edu", "url": "https://repository.si.edu/bitstreams/a4eeb903-1608-4cde-b43b-ac9e74810346/download" } ], "missing": "Kelly铁厂具体工人、炉体制造者和试验记录未具名，留UNALLOCATED。；Martien确有把空气通入流槽金属的专利方案，但装置是否安装、实际可用性及对成熟钢法的因果输入不足，暂不具名切分。；高温劳动、炉顶气体、燃料/矿石全生命周期尚无定量比较；当前未发现足以触发D06_HOLD的工艺特异严重净伤害，新增反证时必须重开。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "约1851–1866的跨大西洋共享母成果：Kelly在美国独立试验强制空气使熔铁脱碳并取得1857专利；Bessemer独立发现同一核心现象、公开并发展倾转转炉与英国商业化；Mushet加入碳控制；截至1866，美国专利权人合并利益并成立Pneumatic Steel Association，形成权利与工厂化入口。排除1866年后的美国扩产、Thomas碱性脱磷、后续平炉/氧气法、全球钢产量与下游工业收益。", "M": "6.2", "budget": [ { "actor": "亨利·贝塞麦", "actorId": "SL-0204", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.34" }, { "actor": "威廉·凯利", "actorId": "SL-2612", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.13" }, { "actor": "Robert Mushet", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:ROBERT-MUSHET", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.14" }, { "actor": "贝塞麦工厂与英国早期转炉工程团队", "actorId": "KELLY-BESSEMER::BESSEMER-WORKS-AND-EARLY-BRITISH-CONVERTER-ENGINEERING-TEAMS", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "巴罗转炉制造与运行团队", "actorId": "KELLY-BESSEMER::BARROW-CONVERTER-MANUFACTURING-AND-OPERATIONS-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.06" }, { "actor": "美国气动钢协会与1866年权利整合团队", "actorId": "KELLY-BESSEMER::US-1866-PNEUMATIC-STEEL-PATENT-CONSOLIDATION-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "炼铁、鼓风冶金与炉体技术前驱", "actorId": "KELLY-BESSEMER::IRONMAKING-AIR-BLAST-METALLURGY-AND-FURNACE-PREDECESSORS", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "未解析的英美早期空气炼钢贡献", "actorId": "KELLY-BESSEMER::UNRESOLVED-BESSEMER-KELLY-EARLY-STEEL-PROCESS-ATTRIBUTION", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.1" } ], "share": "0.34", "exactLight": "427.6946400100168515441443961745722060718299192187565634966938266390601893660506882011573285338216978", "light": "427.694640", "standaloneScore": "5.26", "lightSharePercent": "95.4700" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0204-EARLY-MECHANIZED-BRONZE-POWDER", "title": "机械化青铜粉生产方法", "year": "1830", "summary": "在早期职业阶段开发机械化青铜粉制造方法，降低可用于油漆和装饰性金属效果材料的生产成本；生产设备和商业化依赖作坊人员与支持体系。", "mReason": "同时代基线是劳动密集、成本较高且工艺封闭的青铜粉生产。现有材料支持机械化替代、成本下降和实际盈利，因此高于纯设计或未采用方案，按一般专用生产工具锚取M3.0。机器结构、产量与扩散证据不足，不能按广泛工业平台估值。", "aReason": "0.55给贝塞麦，反映现有叙述将方法设计与经营执行明确归于他；0.20留给制造机器和持续生产的工场团队；0.15保留既有青铜粉与冶金知识；商业和生产支持0.05，未知贡献者0.05。预算不把盈利额直接当个人贡献份额。", "sources": [ { "label": "科学博物馆：Henry Bessemer 生平", "url": "https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onward-ever-sir-henry-bessemer-frs-19-1-1813-15-3-1898/" }, { "label": "ASME：Henry Bessemer", "url": "https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/henry-bessemer" } ], "missing": "尚缺机械构造、工场人员和工艺步骤的一手记录。；尚缺产量、持续年限、售价下降幅度及外部采用证据。；机械化对原工艺劳动者的直接替代规模未明。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "贝塞麦早期以机械化方式替代劳动密集且受严密保守的德国青铜粉制造流程，并形成更便宜且盈利的实际生产。只领取已证的具体生产方法和交付，不领取未证的行业份额、长期装饰产业扩张或其他专利组合。", "M": "3.0", "budget": [ { "actor": "亨利·贝塞麦", "actorId": "SL-0204", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.55" }, { "actor": "青铜粉作坊与机械设备人员", "actorId": "BESSEMER::BRONZE-POWDER-WORKSHOP-AND-MACHINERY-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.2" }, { "actor": "青铜粉制造与冶金前史", "actorId": "BESSEMER::BRONZE-POWDER-AND-METALLURGY-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "商业与生产支持人员", "actorId": "BESSEMER::COMMERCIAL-AND-PRODUCTION-SUPPORT", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "BESSEMER::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.55", "exactLight": "16.84252713092608632599391449437995193545755326628869254771627669035926941251581021739336459608615162", "light": "16.842527", "standaloneScore": "2.50", "lightSharePercent": "3.7596" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0204-1833-ANTI-FORGERY-EMBOSSING-PRESS-DESIGN", "title": "政府印花防伪压印机设计与样机", "year": "1833", "summary": "为政府印花防伪设计压印机与样机，通过把官方印花压入纸张纤维来提高伪造难度。政府后来采用较简单的替代方案，因此不把它表述为大规模部署的制度成果。", "mReason": "方案针对明确的伪造问题形成了具体器物和可检验机制，超过纯构想；但现有证据显示政府选择了另一办法，无法证明该机器进入部署或产生持续公共效果。M1.6只估值有界设计与样机交付，并把非采用直接纳入成果边界。", "aReason": "0.65给贝塞麦，反映方案和机械构型的主要个人归属；制作支持0.10，政府对问题的定义与评估0.10，既有印刷机和防伪技术前史0.10，未知贡献0.05。没有部署证据，故不给运营或采用团队虚构份额。", "sources": [ { "label": "科学博物馆集团：Henry Bessemer 人物档案", "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap24523/bessemer-henry" }, { "label": "ASME：Henry Bessemer", "url": "https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/henry-bessemer" } ], "missing": "尚缺样机保存、正式试验记录及政府评估全文。；无法确认是否有任何短期部署或第三方采用。；未量化其相对政府最终采用办法的防伪性能。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "1833年前后为英国政府印花事务提出并制作的穿孔模具/压印机方案，使官方印记进入纸张纤维。候选只计具体工程设计、制作和交付评估；政府后来采用更简单的日期变更办法，故不计公共防伪服务成效，也不按未实现机会或相关专利数加分。", "M": "1.6", "budget": [ { "actor": "亨利·贝塞麦", "actorId": "SL-0204", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "防伪压印机制造支持人员", "actorId": "BESSEMER::PRESS-FABRICATION-SUPPORT", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.1" }, { "actor": "政府印花办公室的问题界定与评估人员", "actorId": "BESSEMER::STAMP-OFFICE-PROBLEM-DEFINITION-AND-EVALUATION", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.1" }, { "actor": "印刷压机与防伪技术前史", "actorId": "BESSEMER::PRINTING-PRESS-AND-ANTI-FORGERY-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.1" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "BESSEMER::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "3.451222739121256121323340888045235120374144171723486709430241937417717131434964249223941440333739722", "light": "3.451223", "standaloneScore": "1.30", "lightSharePercent": "0.7704" } ], "exactTotalLight": "447.9883898800641939914616515569973931276616166567687427538403452668371759100014626677746345702415891", "totalLight": "447.988390", "exactScore": "5.304470221978969110590136348925961577818788781555844893606602254994208096862208283531783411675259812", "displayScore": "5.30", "provisionalCount": 3, "provenance": { "releaseId": "research-200-20260914", "baselineLedgerSha256": "8bdd406b3e20ae22357644499e622922c670ff11010df0478c70c23b38902108", "c24DeltaSha256": "b0b96144d1d3397e54a61c3d706ff2da5920fe7617e3bef50407149cb97d9d62", "generatorSha256": "25de659e9852503508e7c27d8a31773b8da5d6310531b1e3699d18cc94319929" }, "priorScopeNote": "3项已列贡献的研究估分，含3项暂估。账本覆盖有限的主要成果，尚未穷尽生涯。M与归功份额是可修订的评估判断；未覆盖经历和负面影响不按零处理。", "rank": 136 }