{ "personId": "james-watt", "uid": "SL-0027", "name": "詹姆斯·瓦特", "version": "V2研究贡献账", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15", "displayScore": "5.68", "exactScore": "5.677661822797977793546550906478730579031913890826335881830031352109932102992705590625682517315763786", "totalLight": "688.971118", "exactTotalLight": "688.9711175679339142865416261809703313697781077706435408467022048448981032637806739019736920841007593", "scopeNote": "本轮当前已列6项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。", "formula": { "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1", "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ", "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ", "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)" }, "items": [ { "id": "OUT-SL0027-ROTARY-DOUBLE-ACTING-POWER-SYSTEM-1788-1800", "title": "成熟旋转与双作用蒸汽动力系统的车间服务", "year": "1788", "summary": "瓦特设计旋转、双作用发动机；1788 年 Lap engine 采用平行运动与日行星齿轮并有调速器，实际驱动 Soho 的 43 台抛光/研磨机器。", "mReason": "旋转、双作用、传动、调速及制造运行构成可复用动力平台，43台机器的运行实例支持其实际用途。估值扣除另计的分离冷凝方法，不包揽后世工业产出。", "aReason": "瓦特以系统设计责任获0.45；Boulton以需求定义、资本和伙伴组织获0.15；工程、制造、安装、维护和运行团队合计0.25；分离冷凝、Newcomen路线及旋转传动前史合计0.10；未知0.05。此预算把个人设计、合作者组织能力和集体交付分开，避免将公司实现全部归给瓦特。", "sources": [ { "label": "科学博物馆群：成熟旋转与双作用蒸汽动力系统的车间服务", "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50948/rotative-steam-engine-by-boulton-and-watt-1788" }, { "label": "苏格兰国家博物馆：纽科门蒸汽机", "url": "https://www.nms.ac.uk/discover-catalogue/the-newcomen-engine-and-its-role-in-britains-industrial-revolution" } ], "missing": "现有材料不能经验分解设计、资本、制造、安装、维护和运行的精确份额。；未在本点核算成本、故障、燃料外部性、劳动伤害和不同用途的净效果。", "status": "缺证暂估", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·瓦特", "actorId": "SL-0027", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.45" }, { "actor": "马修·博尔顿", "actorId": "MATTHEW_BOULTON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "博尔顿与瓦特工程、制造和运行团队", "actorId": "WATT-SYSTEM::BOULTON-WATT-ENGINEERING-MANUFACTURING-INSTALLATION-OPERATIONS", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.25" }, { "actor": "冷凝、纽科门蒸汽机与旋转传动前驱", "actorId": "WATT-SYSTEM::CONDENSER-NEWCOMEN-ROTARY-PREDECESSORS", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-SYSTEM::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "overlapNote": "以1788 Lap engine所代表、至1800年前形成的成熟旋转和双作用车间动力服务：双作用做功、平行运动、太阳行星传动、调速及其工程集成和交付。计入已证的43台Soho抛光和研磨机器驱动实例；不重复分离冷凝的效率价值，不收入451台发动机的全部下游产出、后世各产业、化石能源史、劳动替代总量或整个工业革命。", "M": "5.8", "share": "0.45", "exactLight": "356.9977056259266759296632272763745696650322842899679494415457681926300637361693918736928633312356251", "light": "356.997706", "standaloneScore": "5.11", "lightSharePercent": "51.8161" }, { "id": "RC31-O-SEPARATE-CONDENSATION-METHOD", "title": "分离冷凝方法与早期模型", "year": "1765", "summary": "将冷凝置于独立冷容器、保持汽缸热态，并以泵排除汽缸和冷凝器中的空气；1765 年第二模型和 1769 年专利规格均有存证。", "mReason": "以可复用的热过程设计方法及其早期物化估值，包含支撑后续工程化的奠基作用。后续动力系统另计新增的传动、控制与实际交付，避免重复。", "aReason": "瓦特获得0.68，反映分离冷凝构思、模型和说明书的核心作者责任；Newcomen路线作为必要前驱保留0.15；格拉斯哥大学模型修理与实验环境保留0.07；未能由现有材料识别的早期制模、材料及说明书实现贡献和一般未知各保留0.05。Boulton及后续制造交付不在本点分配，避免与成熟动力系统重复。", "sources": [ { "label": "Powerhouse：方法说明书", "url": "https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/119115" }, { "label": "科学博物馆群：分离冷凝方法与早期模型", "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co50928/watts-second-separate-condenser-1765" } ], "missing": "现有材料不能量出各早期模型协作者的独立份额。；本点未计连续商业部署、燃料节省总量、成本、伤害或后世全产业扩散。", "status": "缺证暂估", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·瓦特", "actorId": "SL-0027", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.68" }, { "actor": "纽科门蒸汽机前驱", "actorId": "WATT-CONDENSER::NEWCOMEN-PREDECESSOR", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "格拉斯哥大学实验环境", "actorId": "WATT-CONDENSER::GLASGOW-EXPERIMENTAL-ENVIRONMENT", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-CONDENSER::EARLY-MODEL-AND-SPECIFICATION-UNRESOLVED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-CONDENSER::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "overlapNote": "1765模型和1769说明书所证实的可复用分离冷凝方法：冷凝在独立冷容器中进行、工作汽缸维持热态，并以泵移除汽缸和冷凝器中的空气。此次从旧账的‘模型直接效率’明确扩展到‘方法及其早期物化’，但不含随后旋转、双作用、平行运动、太阳行星齿轮、调速器、Boulton & Watt制造服务或整个工业革命。", "M": "5.2", "share": "0.68", "exactLight": "270.0328759763781305237715674596713895716203853622187038683932206809529006312314665703324518930166050", "light": "270.032876", "standaloneScore": "4.87", "lightSharePercent": "39.1936" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0027-1785-SMOKE-CONSUMING-FURNACE-METHOD", "title": "炉烟燃尽炉", "year": "1785", "summary": "以两处火源安排：新加燃料产生的烟气在通往烟道/烟囱处越过已炽热且不再冒烟的煤层，使烟气燃尽；有 1785 年专利和与 Albion Mills 发动机一起安装的描述。", "mReason": "M3.2用于有明确机制并有一个同期安装锚点的专门工业方法。缺少运行比较、燃料效率、烟量、持续期和复制规模，故不升到广泛基础设施或平台档；缺全国效果证据也不把已物化方法自动压到M1。", "aReason": "瓦特作为专利方法作者获0.60；既有燃烧和炉体传统保留0.15；Boulton & Watt工程安装团队与Albion业主、操作人员各0.10；未知0.05。安装与运行份额防止把实际物化完全归给方法作者。", "sources": [ { "label": "伯明翰档案馆：博尔顿与瓦特档案", "url": "https://calmview.birmingham.gov.uk/CalmView/Record.aspx?id=MS+3147%2F1&src=CalmView.Catalog" }, { "label": "马克斯·普朗克科学史研究", "url": "https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/studies/7/19/index.html" } ], "missing": "缺专利全文、运行期数据及同期烟量和燃料对照。；安装团队、业主和操作人员内部份额未识别。", "status": "缺证暂估", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·瓦特", "actorId": "SL-0027", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.60" }, { "actor": "燃烧与炉体技术前驱", "actorId": "WATT-FURNACE::COMBUSTION-FURNACE-PREDECESSORS", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "博尔顿与瓦特工程安装团队", "actorId": "WATT-FURNACE::BOULTON-WATT-ENGINEERING-INSTALLATION", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "阿尔比恩磨坊业主与运行人员", "actorId": "WATT-FURNACE::ALBION-OWNERS-OPERATORS", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-FURNACE::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "overlapNote": "1785年炉烟燃尽方法及Albion Mills安装：用两炉安排使新生烟气越过烟道或烟囱附近的炽热无烟煤层继续燃烧。排除Albion发动机、磨粉产出、旋转动力价值、所有后世空气质量改善和全部排放控制。", "M": "3.2", "share": "0.60", "exactLight": "23.28643023320983504621513830526512260926062223784282681191704888361349123216748234444109869644264162", "light": "23.286430", "standaloneScore": "2.77", "lightSharePercent": "3.3799" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0027-1780-LETTER-COPYING-PRESS-METHOD", "title": "信函复写压机", "year": "1780", "summary": "瓦特于 1780 年取得以滚压、湿润簿复写信函的方法专利；存世滚压机由科学博物馆群记录为按该方法制成。", "mReason": "M3.0对应一个有明确方法、有现存实物且可重复使用的专门工具。它高于仅有构想或专利文本的低档成果，但缺少独立使用规模、持续期、替代效果和净收益证据，不能按普及办公基础设施估值。", "aReason": "馆藏把方法和压机归于瓦特，故给0.75；既有复制和印刷方法作为知识前驱保留0.15；未识别的制作贡献和一般未知各0.05。没有材料支持把制造商、销售者或用户写成具名合作者。", "sources": [ { "label": "科学博物馆群：信函复写压机", "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co37945/watts-letter-copying-press" } ], "missing": "缺独立使用量、用户范围、使用持续期、可替代性和净效益证据。；制作及商业实现参与者尚未识别。", "status": "缺证暂估", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·瓦特", "actorId": "SL-0027", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.75" }, { "actor": "复制与印刷方法前驱", "actorId": "WATT-COPY-PRESS::COPYING-PRINTING-PREDECESSORS", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-COPY-PRESS::FABRICATION-UNRESOLVED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-COPY-PRESS::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "overlapNote": "1780年专利所对应的滚筒、湿润复写簿信函复制方法及现存压机物化；专利权本身不计分。排除一般商业文件体系、后来复印和印刷、数字复制、销售收入与未经证实的用户规模。", "M": "3.0", "share": "0.75", "exactLight": "22.96708245126284498999170158324538900289666354493912620143128639594445828979428666008186081284475221", "light": "22.967082", "standaloneScore": "2.76", "lightSharePercent": "3.3335" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0027-1804-1810-SCULPTURE-COPYING-MACHINES", "title": "等大与缩小雕塑复制机", "year": "1804", "summary": "瓦特在 Heathfield 车间建造一对雕塑复制机（等大与缩小）；其 1810 年图纸记录可自动在预设行程终点反向的进给装置，且有其制作的 1810 年雪花石膏复制胸像。", "mReason": "M2.8反映有设计图、机器描述和一件复制成品支持的专门机械成果。它不只是纸面设想，但现有材料未证生产规模、持续使用、独立技术比较或广泛传播，因此低于稳定专用服务和通用平台。", "aReason": "馆藏将机器和图纸归于瓦特，故给0.65；雕塑、车床和几何复制前史保留0.15；Heathfield工作室支持0.10及模型材料输入0.05因参与者未识别而留作未分配；一般未知0.05。这样既不虚构助手，也不把工作室物化劳动全吞入个人份额。", "sources": [ { "label": "科学博物馆群：等大与缩小雕塑复制机", "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8238843/drawing-five-views-and-key-of-the-equal-size-sculpture-copying-machine-drawing" }, { "label": "科学博物馆群：等大与缩小雕塑复制机", "url": "https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8218992/alabaster-copy-of-male-bust" } ], "missing": "两项关键证据来自同一馆藏，缺独立技术比较和生产使用记录。；工作室助手、原模和材料贡献者未识别。", "status": "缺证暂估", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·瓦特", "actorId": "SL-0027", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "雕塑、车床与几何复制前驱", "actorId": "WATT-SCULPTURE-COPY::SCULPTURE-LATHE-GEOMETRIC-COPYING-PREDECESSORS", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-SCULPTURE-COPY::HEATHFIELD-WORKSHOP-SUPPORT-UNRESOLVED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-SCULPTURE-COPY::MODEL-MATERIAL-INPUTS-UNRESOLVED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未识别或未分配的贡献", "actorId": "WATT-SCULPTURE-COPY::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "overlapNote": "1804–1810年Heathfield工作室的等大和缩小雕塑复制机、1810图纸所示行程终点自动反向，以及现存1810雪花石膏复制胸像。排除整个雕塑复制史、Cheverton后续机器、全部艺术生产、CAD/CAM和一般精密制造。", "M": "2.8", "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "15.67726180481227072205270844069562806203036765508609028641927473590358111020314850495003155770568023", "light": "15.677262", "standaloneScore": "2.44", "lightSharePercent": "2.2755" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1877-DIAGRAMS-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS", "title": "图示方法的参考性综合", "year": "1877", "mReason": "交付物将多种用途的图示解释组织为一次有限但可参照的综合，故取 M=0.1。跨用途本身没有证明更大的受益范围，且固定材料不支持更深的持续作用。", "overlapNote": "只计本次图示解释的参考性组织，不推定读者、长期使用或后续科学发现。", "sources": [ { "label": "《科学论文集》卷II：图解条目", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "瓦特在此后继参考知识成果中的前驱份额为8%。麦克斯韦承担多用途图示方法的统一解释；Rankine图解法、吉布斯热力表征、指示图及Clapeyron的限定输入各有归功，8%保留未落实责任，不将作者旧发现再算为原创。", "M": "0.1", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".52" }, { "actor": "WILLIAM JOHN MACQUORN RANKINE", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:WILLIAM_JOHN_MACQUORN_RANKINE", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".12" }, { "actor": "詹姆斯·瓦特", "actorId": "SL-0027", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".08" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON BENOIT PAUL EMILE CLAPEYRON 1799", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-BENOIT-PAUL-EMILE-CLAPEYRON-1799", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".07" }, { "actor": "约西亚·威拉德·吉布斯", "actorId": "SL-0092", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".13" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "OUT-SL0004-1877-DIAGRAMS-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS::UNALLOCATED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": ".08" } ], "share": "0.08", "exactLight": "0.00976147634415707484728311571823245893778468058884423699560595585360826421489794847538579285545523840", "light": "0.009761", "standaloneScore": "0.01", "lightSharePercent": "0.0014" } ], "exclusions": [ { "id": "WATT-SURVEY-GAP", "title": "河道与运河测量服务", "reason": "已找到工作与通信记录，具体完成的测量成果、实施过程和效果仍待补充。" }, { "id": "WATT-INSTRUMENT-GAP", "title": "早年仪器制作与维修", "reason": "部分仪器服务已有记录，具体增量尚未量定；纽科门模型维修已作为分离冷凝方法的前史，不重复记分。" }, { "id": "WATT-WATER-GAP", "title": "水组成研究与通信", "reason": "1783—1784年通信和论文已有目录定位，原文、实验关系及共同贡献仍待核实；不等同现代水组成理论的独立发现。" }, { "id": "WATT-HARM-GAP", "title": "负面影响与未覆盖经历", "reason": "燃煤、劳动与其他影响尚未形成完整账目；本分数不代表全生涯净贡献。" } ], "provisionalCount": 5, "provenance": { "releaseId": "research-200-20260914", "baselineLedgerSha256": "8bdd406b3e20ae22357644499e622922c670ff11010df0478c70c23b38902108", "c24DeltaSha256": "b0b96144d1d3397e54a61c3d706ff2da5920fe7617e3bef50407149cb97d9d62", "generatorSha256": "25de659e9852503508e7c27d8a31773b8da5d6310531b1e3699d18cc94319929" }, "priorScopeNote": "6项已列贡献的研究估分，含5项暂估。账本覆盖有限的主要成果，尚未穷尽生涯。M与归功份额是可修订的评估判断；未覆盖经历和负面影响不按零处理。", "rank": 108 }