{
  "uid": "SL-0220",
  "personId": "maria-montessori",
  "name": "玛丽亚·蒙台梭利",
  "version": "V2研究贡献账",
  "scopeNote": "本轮仅列约三至七岁儿童自主活动教学操作体系一项，保留Itard–Séguin等前史、共同试验与教具制作责任。Casa机构服务与特定读写增量暂缓独立计分，其他生涯成果未穷尽，未覆盖不等于零。量级与归功为可修订研究判断，非全生涯总评。",
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "OUT-SL0220-1898-1914-PREPARED-ENVIRONMENT-AUTOEDUCATION",
      "title": "以有准备环境、分级教具与观察型教师支持儿童自主活动的操作体系",
      "year": "1898–1914",
      "M": "5.6",
      "mReason": "该对象不是单项课堂技巧，而是一套可重复部署的环境—材料—教师操作系统，跨运动、感官和语言活动并持续解决幼儿如何自主练习、发现错误与获得有限指导的问题。现行教育锚中，它高于Slavin结构化合作学习设计M5.2和孔子提示类推/因材回应M5.4，因为功能部件、实施环境和教师角色更完整；低于Dewey反思探究M5.8，因为后者是跨年龄、跨学科的问题—检验程序，而本对象限定于约三至七岁且多项机制有明确前史。M5.4/5.8是功能范围敏感性，不是历史上下界；没有用全球学校数量或旧分6.58抬高中心。",
      "aReason": "Montessori对普通幼儿场景中的选择、改造、系统整合和本人著述承担最大单一形成责任，暂估0.40。她自己的叙述把两年Casa试验置于Itard与Séguin约五十年的工作之后；Séguin 1866原典已经包含个体化、运动/感官/语言训练、几何嵌合、日常生活操作、客体教学与机构组织，故两类前史合计0.40。Orthophrenic团队、早期Casa迭代合计0.15，余0.05未解析。比例是可审查暂估，不是史料给出的百分比。",
      "budget": [
        {
          "actor": "玛丽亚·蒙台梭利",
          "actorId": "SL-0220",
          "type": "PERSON",
          "share": "0.40",
          "role": "将既有特殊教育资源改造并用于普通幼儿，整合儿童尺度环境、材料错误控制、活动选择和观察型教师角色，并完成可操作的著述规格。"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Itard–Séguin生理教育、感官训练与教具前史池",
          "actorId": "MONTESSORI-METHOD::ITARD-SEGUIN-PHYSIOLOGICAL-EDUCATION-POOL",
          "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL",
          "share": "0.30",
          "role": "承接个体观察、运动—感官—语言训练、几何嵌合与物体操作等具体输入。Montessori本人明确说明长期研读和采用；Séguin原典又包含Itard及更早传统，因此不绑任何个人UID。"
        },
        {
          "actor": "儿童自由、客体教学与科学教育学的混合前史池",
          "actorId": "MONTESSORI-METHOD::CHILD-FREEDOM-OBJECT-LESSON-SCIENTIFIC-PEDAGOGY-POOL",
          "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL",
          "share": "0.10",
          "role": "承接并非由Montessori首创的儿童自由、客体教学、个体差异观察与科学教育学传统；有限来源不足以按Rousseau、Pestalozzi等逐人分配。"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Orthophrenic School团队与早期教具制作",
          "actorId": "MONTESSORI-METHOD::ORTHOPHRENIC-SCHOOL-TEAM-AND-MATERIAL-MAKING",
          "type": "TEAM_AND_PRODUCTION_POOL",
          "share": "0.08",
          "role": "承接Montessori在特殊教育学校中试验所依赖的共同教学、观察和教具制作；不是给机构名称或纯出版固定份额。"
        },
        {
          "actor": "早期Casa教师、儿童与迭代实施",
          "actorId": "MONTESSORI-METHOD::EARLY-CASA-TEACHERS-CHILDREN-ITERATION",
          "type": "IMPLEMENTATION_AND_PARTICIPANT_POOL",
          "share": "0.07",
          "role": "承接教师日常呈现与观察、儿童反复选择对保留/淘汰活动的反馈，以及早期课堂迭代对方法定型的作用；不包含后世传播。"
        },
        {
          "actor": "未解析形成责任",
          "actorId": "MONTESSORI-METHOD::UNALLOCATED-FORMATION",
          "type": "UNALLOCATED",
          "share": "0.05",
          "role": "保留有限来源未能恢复的直接讨论者、材料来源、教师和其他形成输入；不因未知而回拨中心人物。"
        }
      ],
      "overlapNote": "本项领取教学机制的综合、改造和早期定型。首个Casa作为方法形成/试验场已被消费；除非后续证明社区托育、家庭—学校服务有独立终端和可分效果，否则Casa不另生Q。",
      "missing": "量级与归功均为有界研究暂估；现代比较效果与独立采用证据未进入中心。未覆盖生涯成果不等于零。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "sourceId": "MONTESSORI-1912-METHOD",
          "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/39863/pg39863-images.html",
          "actualRead": "Chapters on scientific observation, Itard/Séguin genealogy, Casa, lessons, sensory materials and teacher/directress role; detailed locators in ENTRY-EVIDENCE.json.",
          "supports": "Montessori's operational synthesis and explicit predecessor consumption.",
          "doesNotSupport": "No precise shares, comparative effectiveness, global adoption magnitude or personal exclusivity.",
          "label": "Maria Montessori, The Montessori Method, English translation (1912), especially chapters II, V, XII and XIII.",
          "note": "Montessori's operational synthesis and explicit predecessor consumption. Limits: No precise shares, comparative effectiveness, global adoption magnitude or personal exclusivity."
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "MONTESSORI-1914-HANDBOOK",
          "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/29635/pg29635-images.html",
          "actualRead": "Preface and method sections on child-scaled environment, motor/sensory/language division, material-embedded error control and language lessons; detailed locators in ENTRY-EVIDENCE.json.",
          "supports": "A reproducible operational specification for the bounded age group.",
          "doesNotSupport": "No warrant for one Q per material or for later diffusion/effects.",
          "label": "Maria Montessori, Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook (1914).",
          "note": "A reproducible operational specification for the bounded age group. Limits: No warrant for one Q per material or for later diffusion/effects."
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "AMI-MONTESSORI-BIOGRAPHY",
          "url": "https://montessori-ami.org/node/1820",
          "actualRead": "San Lorenzo, Orthophrenic materials, first Casa, activity selection and later Mario/AMI roles; detailed locators in ENTRY-EVIDENCE.json.",
          "supports": "Chronology and collective/institutional context.",
          "doesNotSupport": "Affiliated biography cannot establish causal effects or numeric shares.",
          "label": "Association Montessori Internationale, Maria Montessori biography.",
          "note": "Chronology and collective/institutional context. Limits: Affiliated biography cannot establish causal effects or numeric shares."
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "SEGUIN-1866-PHYSIOLOGICAL-METHOD",
          "url": "https://archive.org/download/cu31924012161810/cu31924012161810_djvu.txt",
          "actualRead": "Contents; introduction pp.32–35; hand/object exercises and imitation pp.124–127; sensory education pp.133–136; object lessons pp.187–190; method resume pp.198–201.",
          "supports": "Before Montessori, Séguin specified individualization, motor/sensory/language progression, geometrical objects fitted to hollows, daily-life hand exercises, objective imitation, object lessons and institutional delivery; he explicitly disclaimed sole origin of object lessons and named Itard/Pestalozzi/Rousseau ancestry.",
          "doesNotSupport": "Does not show that Montessori merely copied the whole later system, does not address ordinary preschool adaptation, prepared-environment integration or exact attribution shares.",
          "label": "Édouard Séguin, Idiocy: and Its Treatment by the Physiological Method (1866)",
          "note": "Before Montessori, Séguin specified individualization, motor/sensory/language progression, geometrical objects fitted to hollows, daily-life hand exercises, objective imitation, object lessons and institutional delivery; he explicitly disclaimed sole origin of object lessons and named Itard/Pestalozzi/Rousseau ancestry. Limits: Does not show that Montessori merely copied the whole later system, does not address ordinary preschool adaptation, prepared-environment integration or exact attribution shares."
        },
        {
          "sourceId": "SEP-MARIA-MONTESSORI-2025",
          "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montessori-maria/",
          "actualRead": "Biography and Casa lines 44–56; philosophy of education lines 85–121; responses/criticisms lines 326–367.",
          "supports": "Direct Itard/Séguin study, Talamo's invitation and facilities, the coupled freedom/prepared-environment mechanism, error control and teacher role, plus contemporary criticism and important unreviewed work families.",
          "doesNotSupport": "No numeric shares; worldwide school counts and philosophical relevance are not used as automatic M or a.",
          "label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Maria Montessori",
          "note": "Direct Itard/Séguin study, Talamo's invitation and facilities, the coupled freedom/prepared-environment mechanism, error control and teacher role, plus contemporary criticism and important unreviewed work families. Limits: No numeric shares; worldwide school counts and philosophical relevance are not used as automatic M or a."
        }
      ],
      "summary": "把针对约三至七岁儿童的低尺度环境、分级操作材料、部分材料内置的错误控制、简短示范和观察型教师组织成一个自主活动体系；运动、感官与语言序列属于同一互相依赖的教学机制。",
      "status": "缺证暂估",
      "share": "0.40",
      "exactLight": "251.9829377920772997737440546489375458691781028752914898110918115333979773190747230291656270974609060",
      "light": "251.982938",
      "standaloneScore": "4.81",
      "lightSharePercent": "100.0000"
    }
  ],
  "provisionalCount": 1,
  "exactTotalLight": "251.9829377920772997737440546489375458691781028752914898110918115333979773190747230291656270974609060",
  "totalLight": "251.982938",
  "exactScore": "4.806182463121394931094585603893886359274139747201536652714339640692039004259380532697137507060166086",
  "displayScore": "4.81",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-17",
  "formula": {
    "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1",
    "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ",
    "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ",
    "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)"
  },
  "exclusions": [
    {
      "id": "MONTESSORI-CASA-SERVICE",
      "title": "Casa社区与机构服务",
      "reason": "早期Casa已作为核心方法试验、实施和迭代的形成输入，尚未隔离独立社区服务终端及同一课堂效果，不另计分，非零价值判断。"
    },
    {
      "id": "MONTESSORI-LITERACY",
      "title": "特定读写教学增量",
      "reason": "尚未从现计感官与语言序列及其前史中隔离独立功能，暂缓另计。"
    },
    {
      "id": "MONTESSORI-OTHER-CAREER",
      "title": "后期教育、医学、和平与组织工作",
      "reason": "初等与宇宙教育、发展哲学、和平工作、教师培训、AMI治理、医学等其他生涯族尚未逐项核验；全球学校采用和现代效果不全部回归个人。未覆盖不等于零。"
    }
  ],
  "rank": 174
}