{
  "personId": "max-planck",
  "uid": "SL-0058",
  "name": "马克斯·普朗克",
  "version": "V2研究贡献账",
  "updatedAt": "2026-09-15",
  "formula": {
    "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1",
    "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ",
    "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ",
    "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)"
  },
  "scopeNote": "本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。",
  "exclusions": [
    {
      "id": "PLANCK-RELATIVITY-TECHNICAL-GAP",
      "title": "相对论的独立技术增量",
      "reason": "现有补充材料只定位到1905—06年归因问题，未读 Planck 1906/07 原文，不能据此把相对论核心推导或质量—能量等价归为其独创。"
    },
    {
      "id": "PLANCK-KWG-PROTECTION-LIMIT",
      "title": "阻止 Kaiser Wilhelm Society 被纳粹化",
      "reason": "普朗克曾为受威胁同事发声并暂留部分犹太科学家，但资料明确显示这些行动最终只延缓、未能阻止机构被纳粹化。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG",
          "url": "https://www.mpg.de/8241451/max-planck-kwg"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "OUT-SL0058-1899-1900-BLACKBODY-RADIATION-ACTION-QUANTUM",
      "title": "黑体辐射定律、作用量量子与能量量子假设",
      "year": "1899",
      "summary": "针对黑体辐射引入作用量量子并形成辐射定律，成为量子理论的起点；黑体实验者、Boltzmann 等前史及后续理论研究者分别保留贡献。",
      "mReason": "在经典预测失配问题上给出定量定律和新量子尺度，改变理论物理问题空间，按Shannon信息论M7同尺度取M7.0；奠基效应已计入。",
      "aReason": "Planck 0.48；实验测量0.15；理论前史0.20；并行研究0.10；传播0.04；未知0.03。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG",
          "url": "https://www.mpg.de/8241451/max-planck-kwg"
        },
        {
          "label": "诺贝尔奖：1901—2000年物理学奖",
          "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-physics-1901-2000/"
        }
      ],
      "missing": "实验数据贡献和1900术语演变待校准。",
      "status": "缺证暂估",
      "overlapNote": "1899至1900年针对黑体辐射分布引入作用量常数、能量—频率量子关系并形成辐射定律；常数、公式和量子假设合族，后续量子力学与技术排除。",
      "M": "7.0",
      "budget": [
        {
          "actor": "马克斯·普朗克",
          "actorId": "SL-0058",
          "type": "PERSON",
          "share": "0.48"
        },
        {
          "actor": "黑体辐射实验人员",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::BLACKBODY-EXPERIMENTALISTS",
          "type": "TEAM",
          "share": "0.15"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Boltzmann、Clausius、Gibbs 与理论前史",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::BOLTZMANN-CLAUSIUS-GIBBS-PREHISTORY",
          "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL",
          "share": "0.2"
        },
        {
          "actor": "辐射理论并行研究者",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::RADIATION-THEORY-PARALLEL-RESEARCHERS",
          "type": "PARALLEL_POOL",
          "share": "0.1"
        },
        {
          "actor": "编辑与早期采用者",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::EDITORS-AND-EARLY-ADOPTERS",
          "type": "SERVICE_POOL",
          "share": "0.04"
        },
        {
          "actor": "未分配的背景贡献",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS",
          "type": "UNALLOCATED",
          "share": "0.03"
        }
      ],
      "share": "0.48",
      "exactLight": "1517.413276880822079359468901327704896185386466876104076891602329340445330546834346245239092022064142",
      "light": "1517.413277",
      "standaloneScore": "6.36",
      "lightSharePercent": "87.7558"
    },
    {
      "id": "OUT-SL0058-1879-THERMODYNAMICS-EQUILIBRIUM-TEXTBOOK",
      "title": "熵、不可逆性、物理化学平衡与热力学知识交付",
      "year": "1879",
      "summary": "围绕第二定律、熵、不可逆性和物理化学平衡开展研究，并以热力学教材系统化相关知识；Claudius、Boltzmann、Gibbs 与研究网络构成明确前史。",
      "mReason": "把第二定律用于多类物理化学平衡并形成持续可用的统一教材框架，属于跨问题理论方法与知识交付，取M5.4。原始论文未逐篇读只影响具体命题归属，不降低已证scope的文明价值。",
      "aReason": "Planck 0.40；热力学前史0.30；物理化学并行网络0.12；编辑学生采用0.13；未知0.05。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG",
          "url": "https://www.mpg.de/8241451/max-planck-kwg"
        },
        {
          "label": "Max Planck Research Library：热力学讲义",
          "url": "https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/studies/2/4/index.html"
        }
      ],
      "missing": "各化学平衡命题的独创程度和优先权待逐项校准。",
      "status": "缺证暂估",
      "overlapNote": "1879至1889年围绕熵、不可逆过程、物理和化学平衡、相变与电解质溶液的研究，以及以熵极大统一平衡讨论并反复扩订的热力学教材交付。研究与教材合为一项；不领取Clausius、Boltzmann、Gibbs的定律，也不与黑体辐射重复。",
      "M": "5.4",
      "budget": [
        {
          "actor": "马克斯·普朗克",
          "actorId": "SL-0058",
          "type": "PERSON",
          "share": "0.4"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Clausius、Boltzmann、Gibbs 与热力学前史",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::CLAUSIUS-BOLTZMANN-GIBBS-THERMODYNAMIC-PREHISTORY",
          "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL",
          "share": "0.3"
        },
        {
          "actor": "物理化学与溶液研究网络",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY-AND-SOLUTION-RESEARCH-NETWORK",
          "type": "PARALLEL_POOL",
          "share": "0.12"
        },
        {
          "actor": "编辑、学生与教材采用者",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::EDITORS-STUDENTS-AND-TEXTBOOK-ADOPTERS",
          "type": "SERVICE_AND_ADOPTER_POOL",
          "share": "0.13"
        },
        {
          "actor": "未分配的背景贡献",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS",
          "type": "UNALLOCATED",
          "share": "0.05"
        }
      ],
      "share": "0.4",
      "exactLight": "200.0748934509089140006216747539783072241887959331277055718789823556045022755322755839082158192568282",
      "light": "200.074893",
      "standaloneScore": "4.61",
      "lightSharePercent": "11.5708"
    },
    {
      "id": "OUT-SL0058-1920-1946-SCIENCE-ORGANIZATION-SERVICE",
      "title": "研究资助重建与受威胁科学家保护措施",
      "year": "1920",
      "summary": "共同创建 Notgemeinschaft 以重建研究资助，并于1930—1937年担任 Kaiser Wilhelm Society 主席；其保护同事的努力具有明确但有限的效果。",
      "mReason": "共同建制和有限保护措施是具体组织服务，实际scope为集体机制与短期保护而非全国或长期救助，取M3.2。",
      "aReason": "Planck 0.30；共同创建与行政0.25；KWG集体0.20；受支持者0.10；资助机构0.10；未知0.05。",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG",
          "url": "https://www.mpg.de/8241451/max-planck-kwg"
        }
      ],
      "missing": "会议纪要、资源转移、保护名单及政治决策责任待核。",
      "status": "缺证暂估",
      "overlapNote": "1920年共同创建研究资助重建组织，以及任KWG主席期间为受威胁同事发声、暂留部分犹太科学家的措施；不因头衔领取KWG全部研究，不把最终纳粹化改写成成功。",
      "M": "3.2",
      "budget": [
        {
          "actor": "马克斯·普朗克",
          "actorId": "SL-0058",
          "type": "PERSON",
          "share": "0.3"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Notgemeinschaft 共同创建者与行政人员",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::NOTGEMEINSCHAFT-COFOUNDERS-AND-ADMINISTRATION",
          "type": "INSTITUTION_AND_TEAM",
          "share": "0.25"
        },
        {
          "actor": "Kaiser Wilhelm Society 理事会与职员",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::KWG-BOARD-AND-STAFF",
          "type": "INSTITUTION_AND_TEAM",
          "share": "0.2"
        },
        {
          "actor": "获得支持的科学家",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::SCIENTISTS-SUPPORTED",
          "type": "PARTICIPANT_POOL",
          "share": "0.1"
        },
        {
          "actor": "资助者与机构",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::FUNDERS-AND-INSTITUTIONS",
          "type": "SUPPORT_POOL",
          "share": "0.1"
        },
        {
          "actor": "未分配的背景贡献",
          "actorId": "PLANCK::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS",
          "type": "UNALLOCATED",
          "share": "0.05"
        }
      ],
      "share": "0.3",
      "exactLight": "11.64321511660491752310756915263256130463031111892141340595852444180674561608374117222054934822132081",
      "light": "11.643215",
      "standaloneScore": "2.20",
      "lightSharePercent": "0.6734"
    }
  ],
  "exactTotalLight": "1729.131385448335910883198145234315764714205573928153195869439836137856578438450363001367857189542291",
  "totalLight": "1729.131385",
  "exactScore": "6.476158169042104805954946691944895781847635774659403062557834749408214714590010461125687151987404764",
  "displayScore": "6.48",
  "provisionalCount": 3,
  "provenance": {
    "releaseId": "research-200-20260914",
    "baselineLedgerSha256": "8bdd406b3e20ae22357644499e622922c670ff11010df0478c70c23b38902108",
    "c24DeltaSha256": "b0b96144d1d3397e54a61c3d706ff2da5920fe7617e3bef50407149cb97d9d62",
    "generatorSha256": "25de659e9852503508e7c27d8a31773b8da5d6310531b1e3699d18cc94319929"
  },
  "priorScopeNote": "3项已列贡献的研究估分，含3项暂估。账本覆盖有限的主要成果，尚未穷尽生涯。M与归功份额是可修订的评估判断；未覆盖经历和负面影响不按零处理。",
  "rank": 38
}
