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"M": "3", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "LAPLACE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:LAPLACE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "OTTO STRUVE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:OTTO_STRUVE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:H03_UNASSIGNED_OPTICAL_OBSERVATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:H03_MECHANICS_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "21.43594362117865532399225481102902973603688597527651778800253396954816107047466754940973675865510206", "light": "21.435944", "standaloneScore": "2.70", "lightSharePercent": "0.6975" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1864-ELASTIC-DISPLACEMENT-RECIPROCITY", "title": "单位荷载与弹性位移互等法", "year": "1864", "mReason": "单位荷载状态与杆件延伸性可计算冗余弹性框架的挠度，互等关系后来仍用于柔度矩阵的对称性教学，故取重要且持续的专业分析工具 M=3。没有证据覆盖整个行业净效益。", "overlapNote": "只计弹性位移计算，不计力图构造；能量原理归于 Clapeyron，不计全部力法、现代矩阵软件或所有结构物收益。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷I原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 陈述互等定理，并给出以单位荷载和延伸性求冗余框架位移的七步法；Clapeyron 的能量定理是其明示前提；Lamé 的弹性讲义是该归属的明确文本路径。", "M": "3.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.7000" }, { "actor": "CLAPEYRON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:CLAPEYRON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.2000" }, { "actor": "LAME", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:LAME", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.1000" } ], "share": "0.7000", "exactLight": "21.43594362117865532399225481102902973603688597527651778800253396954816107047466754940973675865510206", "light": "21.435944", "standaloneScore": "2.70", "lightSharePercent": "0.6975" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1850-PHOTOELASTIC-STRESS-INFERENCE", "title": "光弹性应力反演与实验核对", "year": "1850", "mReason": "偏振光的等色条纹与主轴方向可重建主应力差和方向，并在边界资料充分时求得绝对应力；原实验还以鱼胶和未退火玻璃核对预言图样。该方法后来仍用于应力轨迹和结构可视化，故按重要且持续的专业分析能力取 M=3。", "overlapNote": "只计应力场反演及实验图样核对，不计弹性方程本身；不包含不完全弹性、永久变形、断裂，也不归入后来的有限元或数值算法。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷I原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 将曲线、压力轴构造和实验核对组织为应力场反演；Stokes 的弹性系数和方程、Brewster 以偏振光指示弹性应变的方法是明确输入。标本制备及其因果份额未获来源说明，保留为未分配部分。", "M": "3.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.60" }, { "actor": "STOKES", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:STOKES", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "BREWSTER", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:BREWSTER", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:C02_SAMPLE_PREPARATION", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.60", "exactLight": "18.37366596101027599199336126659631120231733083595130096114502911675556663183542932806548865027580177", "light": "18.373666", "standaloneScore": "2.57", "lightSharePercent": "0.5978" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1864-1870-RECIPROCAL-DIAGRAM-STRESS", "title": "互易图应力表示", "year": "1864–1870", "mReason": "已有专业研究实际复用了同一互易力与几何功能，并追溯扩展设计谱系，支持重要且持续的专业子领域结果；低于更广泛工业规模影响。", "overlapNote": "仅计互易表示的持续原始功能，不扩展为全部图学静力学或后续优化。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷I原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" }, { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 在 1870 年论文中定义互易框架和力表示；Rankine 负责框架应用，Airy 负责二维内应力函数及平衡作用；长期存在的力多边形实践作为未具名前史保留。", "M": "3.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.55" }, { "actor": "RANKINE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:RANKINE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "AIRY", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:AIRY", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:FORCE_POLYGON_PREHISTORY", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.55", "exactLight": "16.84252713092608632599391449437995193545755326628869254771627669035926941251581021739336459608615162", "light": "16.842527", "standaloneScore": "2.50", "lightSharePercent": "0.5480" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1870-MATHEMATICAL-CLASSIFICATION-PHYSICAL-QUANTITIES", "title": "物理量的数学分类与术语", "year": "1870", "mReason": "1870年的分类和解释术语经 Wilson 的明确广泛采用及实际微积分使用、并在当代算子语言教学中延续，构成重要且持续的专业语言功能，故取 M=3。它不等于底层算子发明、全部现代向量微积分或全行业影响。", "overlapNote": "只计该分类和专业解释语言的使用；不计底层算子的发明、完整现代向量微积分或全球基础设施级影响。", "sources": [ { "label": "《科学论文集》卷II：物理量的数学分类", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦承担分类、物理解释和命名；哈密顿与泰特提供明确算子基础及应用，拉梅和威廉·汤姆孙提供有界的直接引用输入，不把全部现代向量分析归给作者。", "M": "3", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.50" }, { "actor": "威廉·罗恩·哈密顿", "actorId": "SL-3807", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "PETER GUTHRIE TAIT", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:PETER_GUTHRIE_TAIT", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "GABRIEL LAME", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:GABRIEL_LAME", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "威廉·汤姆森（开尔文勋爵）", "actorId": "SL-2190", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "MAXWELL_VECTOR1870::UNALLOCATED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.50", "exactLight": "15.31138830084189665999446772216359266859777569662608413428752426396297219319619110672124054189650148", "light": "15.311388", "standaloneScore": "2.42", "lightSharePercent": "0.4982" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1879-RAREFIED-THERMAL-STRESS-BOUNDARY", "title": "稀薄气体热应力与滑移边界分析", "year": "1879", "mReason": "1879年热应力分析及附录滑移条件构成可用的理论方法；后续研究直接检验原一般边界式在曲面和运动壁面的差异，支持重要且持续的专业结果，取 M=3。近表面分布的近似限制仍保留。", "overlapNote": "只计应力分析和明示边界扩展，不计热迁移的发现、完整 Crookes 解释、现代 Burnett 组合或高阶校正。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 推导稳流应力平衡并展开有限滑移边界处理，进而导出表面条件和热致压强—流动后果；Boltzmann 提供分布函数和非均匀介质假设，Stokes 提供应力方程中的黏性项；Reynolds 的热迁移发现促使其延伸到表面条件，Helmholtz、Piotrowski、Kundt 与 Warburg 分别提供已知液体或气体滑移现象与证据。", "M": "3.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.45" }, { "actor": "BOLTZMANN", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:BOLTZMANN", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "STOKES", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:STOKES", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "OSBORNE REYNOLDS", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:OSBORNE_REYNOLDS", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "HELMHOLTZ", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:HELMHOLTZ", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "PIOTROWSKI", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:PIOTROWSKI", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "KUNDT", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:KUNDT", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "WARBURG", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:WARBURG", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.45", "exactLight": "13.78024947075770699399502094994723340173799812696347572085877183756667497387657199604911648770685133", "light": "13.780249", "standaloneScore": "2.34", "lightSharePercent": "0.4484" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1868-DIRECT-ELECTRICAL-UNIT-COMPARISON", "title": "静电与电磁单位的直接比较实验", "year": "1868", "mReason": "以电静吸力和线圈斥力平衡完成十二次试验，建立两套电单位的比较；后续1896年应用显示其持续的专业计量方法作用，取 M=3。结果约低3%的误差保留，未将测得速度说成准确光速。", "overlapNote": "只计这一次跨系统测量和零位法贡献，不重复计电磁光理论，不称为单人测量，也不计后来的标准化。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 设计直接方法并亲自观察平衡；Charles Hockin 进行电流比较与电阻测试；Gassiot 提供2600节电池和实验室使用；Willoughby Smith 提供电阻线圈；Forde 与 Fleeming Jenkin 提供电流计、线圈、桥和钥匙；Becker 制作电平衡装置；Thomson 的护环几何控制力的分布。", "M": "3.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".40" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON CHARLES HOCKIN 1840", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-CHARLES-HOCKIN-1840", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".25" }, { "actor": "MR GASSIOT", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:MR_GASSIOT", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".08" }, { "actor": "WILLOUGHBY SMITH", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:WILLOUGHBY_SMITH", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".05" }, { "actor": "FORDE AND FLEEMING JENKIN", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:FORDE_AND_FLEEMING_JENKIN", "type": "TEAM", "share": ".07" }, { "actor": "MR BECKER", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:MR_BECKER", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".05" }, { "actor": "SIR WILLIAM THOMSON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:SIR_WILLIAM_THOMSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".10" } ], "share": "0.40", "exactLight": "12.24911064067351732799557417773087413487822055730086730743001941117037775455695288537699243351720118", "light": "12.249111", "standaloneScore": "2.24", "lightSharePercent": "0.3986" }, { "id": "OUT-MAXWELL-1866-1870-EXAMINER-PHYSICAL-QUESTIONS", "title": "剑桥物理考试中引入新观念的命题工作", "year": "1866—1870", "mReason": "1866至1870年，新的物理观念被带入具体试题，并经多年重复命题和独立见证显示其改变学习方向，构成单一机构的持续结构性作用，取 M=2.0。未计1873年改革、全校复兴或学生人数。", "overlapNote": "只计1866至1870年的命题渠道，不计学生学习成效、1873年改革草拟或其单独造成的制度效果。", "sources": [ { "label": "Campbell与Garnett：麦克斯韦生平", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/79044/pg79044-images.html" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 作为1866年考官，在试题中引入原创物理观念和新的思考路线；现有记录未列出可分配的其他具体命题行动者。", "M": "2.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "1.00" } ], "share": "1.00", "exactLight": "9.00", "light": "9.000000", "standaloneScore": "2.00", "lightSharePercent": "0.2928" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1854-GRADED-INDEX-FISH-EYE", "title": "鱼眼折射率与共轭成像构造", "year": "1854", "summary": "", "M": "2.0", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.80" }, { "actor": "未分配形成责任", "actorId": "OUT-SL0004-1854-GRADED-INDEX-FISH-EYE::UNALLOCATED_ATTRIBUTION_BATCH10_20260915", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.20" } ], "mReason": "本轮保持原研究量级M2，不新增数值判断。已核读研究论文摘要支持鱼眼几何光学构型的历史背景；旧来源错挂，原板设计/聚焦实验的证据说明撤回至待补，不宣称应用证据已核实。", "aReason": "修订。输入aReason明确说Newton是被采用的概念输入、不是该鱼眼折射率与共轭成像结果的形成者；这与给Newton 0.20形成份额直接冲突。Maxwell原0.80保持，删除的0.20转为未解析，不因排除角色自动赠给Maxwell。", "overlapNote": "不计宽带、波动光学或制成器件。", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "missing": "沿用既有来源和有限主要族评估；未穷尽持续使用、独立替代路径和前驱贡献证据。本次修订并未重新全文核读所有原作。 本轮归功判断缺口：输入所挂PMC5383818实际是结构静力学文章，不能支持鱼眼或Newton 0.20；替代来源只确认Maxwell在1854提出该几何光学模型。本轮没有核读1854原文来确定这0.20中是否存在可识别的共同形成动作，因此保持未知而非宣称Maxwell独占。 原PMC来源错挂已移除；本轮仅补到研究论文摘要的构型背景，未直接读取1854原文，尚未核实原条目应用实验说法。牛顿具体形成责任无可用证据，撤回个人连接；麦克斯韦0.80与M2仍为待进一步校准的研究输入。", "sources": [ { "label": "Leonhardt与Philbin：鱼眼几何光学背景（摘要）", "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/0911.0552", "note": "本轮核读摘要首句的1854年与几何光学成像背景；不采用其波动无限分辨率主张，不支持牛顿20%或具体个人比例。" } ], "share": "0.80", "exactLight": "7.20", "light": "7.200000", "standaloneScore": "1.83", "lightSharePercent": "0.2343", "changeReason": "十人批次在冻结M/对象下采用归功重估；研究判断，非史料测量。见attribution-batch-10/ROOT-DECISION.json。" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1879-CAVENDISH-CRITICAL-EDITION", "title": "整理出版卡文迪许电学手稿", "year": "1879", "mReason": "将未刊电学手稿依明确编辑规则、编号、转录和注释变为可检查的研究来源，后续学术史使用和学术重印显示其在狭窄研究共同体中的持续档案访问作用，故取 M=2。五年劳动本身不等于五年受益。", "overlapNote": "只计可用的档案版本和来源访问能力；不计原始电学定律的发明、完整科学影响，或另有精度结果的重复实验。", "sources": [ { "label": "Jungnickel与McCormmach：卡文迪许电学手稿及整理史", "url": "https://www.mprl-series.mpg.de/studies/7/3/index.html" } ], "aReason": "归功于 Maxwell 依编辑规则整理记录、编号观测、区分编辑补入、转录日记并添加注释，使档案实验可供检查；原始研究者的电学发现仍属其本人。", "M": "2.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.610" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON HENRY CAVENDISH 1731", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-HENRY-CAVENDISH-1731", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.180" }, { "actor": "DEVONSHIRE ARCHIVE AND PRESS", "actorId": "EDITION::DEVONSHIRE_ARCHIVE_AND_PRESS", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.080" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON WILLIAM GARNETT 1850", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-WILLIAM-GARNETT-1850", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.035" }, { "actor": "W N SHAW", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:W_N_SHAW", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.025" }, { "actor": "TOMLINSON WHEATLEY CHEMICAL EXPERTS", "actorId": "EDITION::TOMLINSON_WHEATLEY_CHEMICAL_EXPERTS", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.060" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "EDITION::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.010" } ], "share": "0.610", "exactLight": "5.490", "light": "5.490000", "standaloneScore": "1.62", "lightSharePercent": "0.1786" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1872-GEOMETRICAL-MEAN-DISTANCE-INDUCTANCE-METHOD", "title": "几何平均距离电感计算方法", "year": "1872", "mReason": "这是狭窄但确有复用的计算能力，数十年后的独立 NBS 技术工作实际应用并修正了它；高于一次性局部发表，低于机构结构改变或整个子领域结果。", "overlapNote": "仅计可复用的专门计算方法及其受限数值；不计 Rosa 的机构声望或全部电感科学。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 引入几何平均距离例子，将其用于电磁学，并应用于线圈自感及修正；既有对数距离势、电磁势计算、对数运算和积分是未具名基础。", "M": "1.4", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.85" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:GMD_LOG_POTENTIAL_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:GMD_LOGARITHM_AND_INTEGRATION_TOOLS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.85", "exactLight": "3.410091485831814422513210588522039028514011913578963743402428375056595673355060856158049586159207599", "light": "3.410091", "standaloneScore": "1.29", "lightSharePercent": "0.1110" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1874-1879-CAVENDISH-LABORATORY", "title": "卡文迪许实验室早期实际运作", "year": "1874–1879", "mReason": "实验室建成、配备仪器并供早期研究者实际使用，形成机构内持续研究能力；早期准入主要面向少数大学成员，女性最初被排除，后来仅获受限假期课程机会。这些限制约束其实际受益范围，不纳入后世全部发现或荣誉。", "overlapNote": "女性排除和受限准入降低实际可及范围；后继系统课程及未来发现不回授到此终端。", "sources": [ { "label": "剑桥物理系：卡文迪许实验室历史", "url": "https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/about/our-history/" }, { "label": "剑桥物理系：早期女性使用实验室的限制", "url": "https://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/news/amy-ogle-best-man-in-the-natural-sciences-tripos/" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦承担技术规划、实验室考察和仪器规格等工作，采用34%的份额；捐资、大学组织、设计施工及未细分建筑劳动分别计入。Trotter参与考察，Garnett有1879年实际实验课程记录，不仅按职衔归功。", "M": "2.0", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.340" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON WILLIAM CAVENDISH 7TH DUKE 1808", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-WILLIAM-CAVENDISH-7TH-DUKE-1808", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.250" }, { "actor": "UNIVERSITY SYNDICATE", "actorId": "LAB::UNIVERSITY_SYNDICATE", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.150" }, { "actor": "FAWCETT LOVEDAY CONSTRUCTION", "actorId": "LAB::FAWCETT_LOVEDAY_CONSTRUCTION", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.180" }, { "actor": "TROTTER", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:TROTTER", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.035" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON WILLIAM GARNETT 1850", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-WILLIAM-GARNETT-1850", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.020" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "LAB::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.025" } ], "share": "0.340", "exactLight": "3.060", "light": "3.060000", "standaloneScore": "1.22", "lightSharePercent": "0.0996" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1872-RECEDING-IMAGE-THIN-SHEET-EDDY-CURRENT-METHOD", "title": "薄导电板涡流的后退像法", "year": "1872", "mReason": "在均匀薄导电板的限定条件下形成可复用的场与电流计算方法，已有持续实现记录；不扩展为全部涡流理论或现代推广。", "overlapNote": "限均匀薄导电板与文中假设；Felici/Jochmann 优先权不在此链接表裁定。", "sources": [ { "label": "薄导电板的后退像法", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦给出薄板新解，采用60%的个人份额；汤姆孙像法、法拉第感应发现及欧姆定律属于明确输入，早期独立但未读解法不当作传递链。", "M": "1.3", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.60" }, { "actor": "迈克尔·法拉第", "actorId": "SL-0013", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.12" }, { "actor": "SIR WILLIAM THOMSON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:SIR_WILLIAM_THOMSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "OHM", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:OHM", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:RECEDING_IMAGE_CALCULUS_TOOLS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.60", "exactLight": "2.080101552905778711337503145916259698263801071648087409210034113965710537047650959327193969891739315", "light": "2.080102", "standaloneScore": "0.98", "lightSharePercent": "0.0677" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1856-1857-ABERDEEN-COURSE", "title": "阿伯丁一学年自然哲学课程供给", "year": "1856", "mReason": "从11月至4月实际开设课程与练习，并启动自愿的高年级续班，构成数月、多人参与的完整教学服务，故取 M=0.5。注册49人只证明课程规模，不等于49份学习成效或生涯改变。", "overlapNote": "只计该学年实际提供的课程与练习及已启动的选修班；不计49名学生均完成学习、后续职业收益、其余教学生涯或按人数倍增。", "sources": [ { "label": "麦克斯韦基金会：1857年课程资料", "url": "https://clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/Class_of_1857_eversion.pdf" }, { "label": "Campbell与Garnett：麦克斯韦生平", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/79044/pg79044-images.html" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 在1856–57学年讲授首门阿伯丁自然哲学课程并启动四年级选修班；Forbes 的爱丁堡课程提供其组织教学材料的立场；Marischal College 任命其教席并提供课程场域。", "M": "0.5", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.76" }, { "actor": "JAMES D FORBES", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:JAMES_D_FORBES", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.14" }, { "actor": "MARISCHAL COLLEGE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:MARISCHAL_COLLEGE", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.76", "exactLight": "0.5914923516295813289313201083464404819992008000657140720889913493099894299700152917242283034518136378", "light": "0.591492", "standaloneScore": "0.40", "lightSharePercent": "0.0192" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1856-1870-RETINAL-COLOUR-DIFFERENCE-OBSERVATION-METHOD", "title": "视网膜颜色差异的观察方法", "year": "1856–1870", "summary": "", "M": "0.5", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.68" }, { "actor": "GEORGE GABRIEL STOKES", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:GEORGE_GABRIEL_STOKES", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "WILLIAM NICOL", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:WILLIAM_NICOL", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "WILHELM KARL VON HAIDINGER", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:WILHELM_KARL_VON_HAIDINGER", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.04" }, { "actor": "SAMUEL THOMAS VON SOEMMERRING", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:SAMUEL_THOMAS_VON_SOEMMERRING", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.03" }, { "actor": "未分配形成责任", "actorId": "OUT-SL0004-1856-1870-RETINAL-COLOUR-DIFFERENCE-OBSERVATION-METHOD::UNALLOCATED_COMMON_SCALE_20260915", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "mReason": "重复可用且经实验检查的狭窄观察辅助，不扩展为整个视觉子领域。", "aReason": "Maxwell及各具名观察/仪器输入维持原形成份额；牛顿仪器构想在当前证据中只证明旧光学功能被采用，未识别相对既有光学成果的独立新增动作，故牛顿归零，余0.10未分配。", "overlapNote": "不把Newton光学知识的持续使用再次转成后继观察法个人份额；本项只计Maxwell等人的狭窄观察方法增量。", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "missing": "沿用既有来源和有限主要族评估；未穷尽持续使用、独立替代路径和前驱贡献证据。本次修订并未重新全文核读所有原作。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell, Scientific Papers vol. I OCR primary carrier", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" }, { "label": "Misson et al. (2023), experimental study of Maxwell's spot and Haidinger's brushes", "url": "https://publications.aston.ac.uk/id/eprint/44817/1/Missonetal_2023_VoR.pdf" } ], "share": "0.68", "exactLight": "0.5292299988264675048332864127310256944203375579535336434480448914878852794468557873322042715095174654", "light": "0.529230", "standaloneScore": "0.37", "lightSharePercent": "0.0172", "changeReason": "M沿用0.5；预算已按aReason修订。精确个人份额由共同budget按actorId读取，单项分由公式生成。" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1876-1879-GLAZEBROOK-MENTORING", "title": "对格莱兹布鲁克的具体实验指导", "year": "1876—1879", "mReason": "对具名受益者的桥路解释、仪器与介电工作和后续研究答疑在1876至1879年形成连续的早期能力支持，取 M=0.50。没有证据将其扩展为整个人生历程、群体强持续结果或全部职业成就。", "overlapNote": "只计早期职业阶段的实际解题和实验能力培养；不计实验室准入、fellowship、后续全部职业或发现，也不把每次谈话重复计为独立人生改变。", "sources": [ { "label": "Glazebrook：麦克斯韦传", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65359/65359-h/65359-h.htm" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 解释惠斯通电桥、布置测试和研究、探访工作、倾听难题并提出操作程序；Richard Glazebrook 完成测量和双轴晶体研究，并提出 Maxwell 所回应的具体困难。桥路原理和既有电测操作也是必要基础，但没有可证实的完整发明谱系。", "M": "0.50", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON RICHARD GLAZEBROOK 1854", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-RICHARD-GLAZEBROOK-1854", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.25" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:MENTORING_BRIDGE_AND_MEASUREMENT_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": ".10" } ], "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "0.5058816165252998207965237768752451490782638421614659827076899698045962230006709731851952595311564008", "light": "0.505882", "standaloneScore": "0.36", "lightSharePercent": "0.0165" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-LATE-LIFE-PERSONAL-CARE-FOR-WIFE", "title": "晚年为妻子提供个人照护", "year": "未注明", "mReason": "Maxwell 对同一受益者反复提供护理、陪伴和日常支持；有具名见证的一段时间及约三周高强度片段，超过一次局部帮助，但未达到多年重要受益。", "overlapNote": "仅计已记载的护理、陪伴和日常支持，不从亲属身份推定治愈或延寿。", "sources": [ { "label": "Campbell与Garnett：麦克斯韦生平", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/79044/pg79044-images.html" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 在妻子患病期间亲自陪伴和护理，其中约三周的高强度照护影响睡眠并限制自身实验；Paget 还记载他此前已长期细心照护，并在临终前仍牵挂她。", "M": "0.3", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "1.00" } ], "share": "1.00", "exactLight": "0.4125375446227543021556078639302409297897161501012685109119685596498663111200035841581515839649346330", "light": "0.412538", "standaloneScore": "0.30", "lightSharePercent": "0.0134" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1873-1875-HAMILTON-LOCAL-PENCIL-METHOD", "title": "哈密顿框架下的局部光束构造", "year": "1873", "mReason": "将复合介质问题联结为单界面构造、一般局部形式和轴对称展开，形成实质但局部的知识能力，故取 M=0.45。未找到外部持续使用，不能升至小群体长期受益或制度性结构影响。", "overlapNote": "只计这组局部几何构造；不计任意有限光束、工业镜头或后来的光学成果，三篇论文也不构成三份独立结果。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 将既有框架化为单界面构造、一般局部形式及轴对称展开；Hamilton 提供特征函数与焦线框架；Cotes 提供明示的早期光学关系；Robert Smith 提供视距语境。普通折射定律也被使用，但记录未给出具名来源。", "M": "0.45", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.55" }, { "actor": "WILLIAM ROWAN HAMILTON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:WILLIAM_ROWAN_HAMILTON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "COTES", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:COTES", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.04" }, { "actor": "ROBERT SMITH", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:ROBERT_SMITH", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.04" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:GEOMETRICAL_OPTICS_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.07" } ], "share": "0.55", "exactLight": "0.3733422099674081726845725442285706559234528283866411622818979632964905544345831097396667927444908148", "light": "0.373342", "standaloneScore": "0.28", "lightSharePercent": "0.0121" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II81-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "强弱电流桥比与反向弱流检验法", "year": "", "mReason": "同材质粗细导线的桥比方法实际实施，并在误差范围内获得无差异结果，较单纯设计提议更强，故取 M=0.45。1917年论文确认具体实验者和方法，但未证明它改变普遍欧姆定律或多机构检验能力。", "overlapNote": "只计该受限实验方案及误差范围内的无差异结果；强弱电流交替，只有弱电流反向，不能视为一般交流测试或欧姆定律的普遍证明。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 为可能的电流密度偏差建模，设计同材质细粗导线的桥比，并规定交替强弱电流及反转弱流以控制发热，报告误差范围内的无差异结果；Chrystal 记录实际电流强度及误差界限的测定；Ohm 的定律和偏离问题界定了检验对象。桥式比率测量所用器材知识未有可证实的个人提供者。", "M": "0.45", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.55" }, { "actor": "CHRYSTAL", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:CHRYSTAL", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "OHM", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:OHM", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:II81_BRIDGE_PROVENANCE", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.55", "exactLight": "0.3733422099674081726845725442285706559234528283866411622818979632964905544345831097396667927444908148", "light": "0.373342", "standaloneScore": "0.28", "lightSharePercent": "0.0121" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1858-PERFECT-OPTICAL-INSTRUMENT-LAWS", "title": "完整光学系统的成像定理", "year": "1858", "mReason": "从两个物平面的完美成像推广到其他物距，并以测量确定整体成像关系和受限的不可能性，形成丰富的局部光学分析，取 M=0.30。材料未证实原关系的长期重要使用，也没有制成完美仪器。", "overlapNote": "只计定理和方法，不计一般完美实用仪器的制成；不把前驱光学或鱼眼透镜另纳入此项。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷I原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 推导整体仪器的几何光学关系、两次测量确定光线、焦点与放大率，并给出普通反射折射组合的受限不可能性论证；Euler、Lagrange、Gauss、Cotes、Listing 和 Helmholtz 是原文具名技术前驱，但来源没有说明各自对所采用定律的具体分工。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.85" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:C04_KNOWN_OPTICAL_LAWS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.85", "exactLight": "0.3506569129293411568322666843407047903212587275860782342751732757023863644520030465344288463701944380", "light": "0.350657", "standaloneScore": "0.26", "lightSharePercent": "0.0114" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1868-CYCLIDE-WAVE-SURFACE-CONSTRUCTION", "title": "双曲线焦线与波面的几何构造", "year": "1868", "mReason": "以两条固定曲线相交法线构造 Dupin 环面，给出两种作点法、奇点分类和作为波面的解释，形成一组可用的局部几何知识，故取 M=0.30。现有材料未证明其持续的专业采用或新的光学仪器。", "overlapNote": "不计环面族的发明；只计文中实际给出的焦圆锥／光学构造与解析扩展，不计新的通用光学仪器、制造或下游采用。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 给出焦圆锥构造、解析扩展及其波面解释；Hamilton 的特征函数和焦线框架构成明示前提；Dupin 的既有分类定义提供直接前史输入。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.75" }, { "actor": "W R HAMILTON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:W_R_HAMILTON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "DUPIN", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:DUPIN", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.75", "exactLight": "0.3094031584670657266167058979476806973422871125759513831839764197373997333400026881186136879737009748", "light": "0.309403", "standaloneScore": "0.23", "lightSharePercent": "0.0101" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1849-ROLLING-CURVE-CONSTRUCTIONS", "title": "滚动曲线构造的共享方法输入", "year": "1849", "mReason": "固定曲线、滚动曲线与极点轨迹的关系，加上悬链线实例，形成相连的可用构造，较单一提示丰富，采用局部方法量级M0.30。现代演示虽复现同类数学，但尚不能证明对这一原成果的持续采用。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell, The Theory of Rolling Curves", "url": "https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers01maxw" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦完成滚动曲线的具体构造；原文明示采用的威利斯—欧拉方法链保留份额，仅有历史优先权的比较不计为实际输入。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "WILLIS", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:WILLIS", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "莱昂哈德·欧拉", "actorId": "SL-0011", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.12" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:ROLLING_CURVE_PREHISTORY", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "0.2887762812359280115089255047511686508528013050708879576383779917549064177840025089107061087754542431", "light": "0.288776", "standaloneScore": "0.22", "lightSharePercent": "0.0094" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II68-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "以电网络势求解四角网格最小化的方法", "year": "", "mReason": "将四角网格的平方长度最小化化约为四个网络势解，并再用角点质量确定每一点位置，提供完整的局部求解工具，取 M=0.30。步骤完整不等于强持续的群体或机构作用。", "overlapNote": "只计四角网格的化约与回构，不计全部网络或几何优化、既有电路规则或后来的图算法。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 把网格最小化化约为四个势函数解，并将其作为角点质量定位各点；Kirchhoff 提供所用网络势解法；重心定位所依赖的基础没有具名来源。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "KIRCHHOFF", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:KIRCHHOFF", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:B10_BARYCENTRIC_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "0.2887762812359280115089255047511686508528013050708879576383779917549064177840025089107061087754542431", "light": "0.288776", "standaloneScore": "0.22", "lightSharePercent": "0.0094" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1877-MULTIDIMENSIONAL-CUBATURE", "title": "多维求积", "year": "1877", "mReason": "多维构造及独立的正式数值积分论文确认了早期技术位置，构成局部数值方法帮助；27点落在积分域外的限制仍在。它不领取一维前驱、后继一般求积或实际域内采样效用。 本项采用M0.30。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell, Scientific Papers vol. II", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦构造多维求积方法；明确采用的科茨与高斯求积结果各有份额，未具名的一般方法保留未分配部分。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "COTES", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:COTES", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯", "actorId": "SL-0012", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:NUMERICAL_INTEGRATION_PREHISTORY", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "0.2681494040047902964011451115546566043633154975658245320927795637724131022280023297027985295772075114", "light": "0.268149", "standaloneScore": "0.21", "lightSharePercent": "0.0087" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II32-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "曲面立体图的绘制方法", "year": "未注明", "mReason": "成对手工作图及确实制成的多类曲面图版/木版提供方法和实物两层局部交付；不含曲面几何、观看装置或不清晰比例，也没有持续机构改变。", "overlapNote": "仅计有界绘图工作流及实际图版，不扩展为曲面几何、观看装置或制版者的完整功劳。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" }, { "label": "Campbell与Garnett：麦克斯韦生平", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/79044/pg79044-images.html" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 规定成对立体图、可选曲线、相反原点三角坐标框架、四面体比例、直尺和扇形，并报告据此绘制旋纹曲面；Monge 提供曲率线表示，立体坐标惯例及制版、印刷责任未能归给具名个人。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "MONGE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:MONGE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:II32_STEREOGRAPHIC_COORDINATE_CONVENTIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:II32_PLATE_MAKING", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "0.2681494040047902964011451115546566043633154975658245320927795637724131022280023297027985295772075114", "light": "0.268149", "standaloneScore": "0.21", "lightSharePercent": "0.0087" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1854-SURFACE-BENDING-GEOMETRIC-METHOD", "title": "曲面弯曲的几何方法", "year": "1854", "mReason": "不可伸展曲面的弯曲量度、极限四边形和共轭方向给出清晰可用的局部几何解释；独立讣告确认其专业价值。审查据此定为成体系解释而非孤立定义，但未证长期结构改变，也不含一般凸曲面刚性证明。 本项采用M0.30。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell, Scientific Papers, vol. I", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦组织曲面弯曲的几何解释与方法；高斯等被明确采用的前驱方法分别保留归功。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.60" }, { "actor": "卡尔·弗里德里希·高斯", "actorId": "SL-0012", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:SURFACE_GEOMETRY_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.60", "exactLight": "0.2475225267736525812933647183581445578738296900607611065471811357899197866720021504948909503789607798", "light": "0.247523", "standaloneScore": "0.19", "lightSharePercent": "0.0081" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1846-WEIGHTED-OVAL-CONSTRUCTION", "title": "加权多焦点卵形线作图", "year": "1846", "mReason": "加权焦距的线绳构造已交付，为若干折射椭圆提供具体而局部的作图帮助，强于只有想法；既有曲线和光学证明属于前驱。该结果不证明多年重要受益或机构、社区长期结构改变；高阶构造仍有不便。", "overlapNote": "仅计狭义机械构造；笛卡尔卵形线、光学聚焦定律、发表优先权及后续传播另行处理。", "sources": [ { "label": "《科学论文集》卷I：加权卵形线作图", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 推导加权距离构造，设计绳绕钉机制，并从两个焦点扩展到三个及以上焦点，直接形成可执行构造；记录无法证明所有辅助或执行细节均由他独自完成，因此保留未分配余量。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.92" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "OVAL::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.08" } ], "share": "0.92", "exactLight": "0.2382113788506338335900377778841365576061280167095765835792891779645158065199018621913668889738704764", "light": "0.238211", "standaloneScore": "0.19", "lightSharePercent": "0.0078" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II56-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "二次能量导数与固定变量条件的分类法", "year": "", "mReason": "同一套能量导数对和两类固定变量条件，把力学、弹性、电磁和静电的实例组织为相连的定性辨析，形成较丰富的局部解释能力，故取 M=0.20。精确方程和二倍因子未获 OCR 验证，也没有多年重要受益的证据。", "overlapNote": "只计可读的定性分类，不从含糊 OCR 推定精确代数结论或二倍因子，也不因跨领域实例而扩大受益规模。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 构造配对的二次能量导数表达式，区分共轭变量保持不变与由外部维持时的构型变化；齐次二次与导数关系是必要基础，但记录没有具名的历史来源。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.85" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:B09_QUADRATIC_ENERGY_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.85", "exactLight": "0.2200866000250421288603609904364305151795747980468914087417345665976504734151267205028933213345542445", "light": "0.220087", "standaloneScore": "0.17", "lightSharePercent": "0.0072" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1857-COLOUR-MEASUREMENT", "title": "三原色匹配与观察者比较测量", "year": "1857", "mReason": "同一实验内完成颜色匹配、量化记录和跨观察者比较，形成可操作的测量与结果表征能力，故取 M=0.3。十名观察者用于检验重复性，不按人数、方程或部件累加；未证明多年使用。", "overlapNote": "只计该实验的匹配、记录和比较；不计后来的色彩生理、摄影、标准化或显示技术。", "sources": [ { "label": "《科学论文集》卷I：颜色知觉与测量", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦制作首系列仪器，设计百分尺度、配色协议及方程表示，承担52%的整合份额；Bryson的转盘、Purdie及Hay的彩纸属于具体输入，牛顿、迈耶与杨的颜色表示前史另计。未实名观察与操作责任保留未分配。", "M": "0.3", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.52" }, { "actor": "D R HAY", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:D_R_HAY", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.06" }, { "actor": "J M BRYSON", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:J_M_BRYSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.11" }, { "actor": "T PURDIE", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:T_PURDIE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "NEWTON MAYER YOUNG POOL", "actorId": "PHYSICS-1:PREDECESSOR:NEWTON_MAYER_YOUNG_POOL", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "PHYSICS-1:UNALLOCATED:LABOR_TRANSMISSION_UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.52", "exactLight": "0.2145195232038322371209160892437252834906523980526596256742236510179304817824018637622388236617660092", "light": "0.214520", "standaloneScore": "0.17", "lightSharePercent": "0.0070" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II45-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "二维电边界的共轭函数变换法", "year": "", "mReason": "从已解的二维电边值问题生成其他可解构形，并以护环和线栅为例，且在教学中复用，形成完整的局部分析能力，取 M=0.30。没有持续的小型机构、社区或行业结构作用证据。", "overlapNote": "只计二维 Laplace 边界变换，线栅分析亦受几何近似限制；不计全部共形映射、Thomson 电反演或护环的发明。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 陈述二维共轭函数路径，辨认势函数与感应函数，说明护环和线栅例子，并发展复合与变换定理；Poisson 提供二维平衡方程，Laplace 提供无源化简条件，Neumann 提供具名变换，Thomson 提供护环静电计几何。线栅及共轭函数的既有基础未有完整归属。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.50" }, { "actor": "POISSON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:POISSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "LAPLACE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:LAPLACE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "NEUMANN", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:NEUMANN", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "SIR WILLIAM THOMSON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:SIR_WILLIAM_THOMSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.12" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:II45_CONJUGATE_FOUNDATIONS_AND_WIRE_GRATING", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.14" } ], "share": "0.50", "exactLight": "0.2062687723113771510778039319651204648948580750506342554559842798249331555600017920790757919824673165", "light": "0.206269", "standaloneScore": "0.16", "lightSharePercent": "0.0067" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1878-BOLTZMANN-THEOREM-ASSUMPTION-ANALYSIS", "title": "玻尔兹曼定理的假设条件分析", "year": "1878", "mReason": "以相空间系统集合推导明确轨道可达假设，区分稳态与唯一性，并应用于接触平衡和旋转混合物，形成较丰富的局部理论澄清，取 M=0.40。材料未显示该分析长期改变研究能力。", "overlapNote": "只计有条件的定理分析及所列应用，不计现代统计力学、后续争议或采用，也不将 Boltzmann、Watson、Hamilton 或后来 Gibbs 的成果回授。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 审查定理、界定假设、给出反例并提出替代的系综框架；Boltzmann 的定理和原平衡问题是分析对象；Henry William Watson 的清晰动力理论推导为所评估的遭遇条件提供具名输入；经典动力学和相空间操作未有具名来源。", "M": "0.40", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.35" }, { "actor": "BOLTZMANN", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:BOLTZMANN", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.45" }, { "actor": "HENRY WILLIAM WATSON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:HENRY_WILLIAM_WATSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:CLASSICAL_DYNAMICS_AND_PHASE_SPACE_TOOLS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.35", "exactLight": "0.2047126173613897198207354806870274546443047468387636739107038843108299022839588930385709533461388654", "light": "0.204713", "standaloneScore": "0.16", "lightSharePercent": "0.0067" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1855-VISIBLE-AXIS-DYNAMICAL-TOP", "title": "可视转轴动力学陀螺教具", "year": "1855", "mReason": "可调陀螺和彩盘显示瞬时转轴，实物观察及多份大学教学仪器记录证明了设计、制造和观察的局部交付；多件、多地点不等于多年重要受益。", "overlapNote": "仅计可用演示仪器及其教学传递；不计完整转动理论或精密纬度测量，也不把 Smith 标签当作另一名制造者。", "sources": [ { "label": "《科学论文集》卷I：动力学陀螺", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 增加可调结构和彩盘可视性，制作木制样品并展示稳定、不稳定、转轴和惯性效应；Poinsot 提供方法，Elliot 提供同类陀螺，Charles Ramage 制作黄铜陀螺和课堂复制品，Forbes 请求课堂复制品；店内执行和复制品交付的余责未能细分。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.48" }, { "actor": "POINSOT", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:POINSOT", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.13" }, { "actor": "J ELLIOT", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:J_ELLIOT", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "CHARLES RAMAGE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:CHARLES_RAMAGE", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".16" }, { "actor": "JAMES D FORBES", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:JAMES_D_FORBES", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.04" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "TOP::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": ".09" } ], "share": "0.48", "exactLight": "0.1980180214189220650346917746865156462990637520486088852377449086319358293376017203959127603031686238", "light": "0.198018", "standaloneScore": "0.16", "lightSharePercent": "0.0064" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1867-SPHERICAL-ENVELOPE-STRESS-SOLUTION", "title": "球形薄壳应力特解", "year": "1867", "mReason": "不可伸展薄球壳沿弦两相反点受力的特解，并由直径情形经反演推广，构成具体而局部的求解帮助；不支持持续机构或专业效果。", "overlapNote": "仅计该受限载荷特解，不扩展到任意载荷、有限厚度壳或反演前史。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 提出球形包络问题并建立应力记号；一般应力与平衡工具虽被使用，但来源未具名，保持未分配。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.75" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:CONTINUUM_STRESS_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.25" } ], "share": "0.75", "exactLight": "0.1941940588456254078179655797968504545702130571001983018309422646449857118368765180907882247069596275", "light": "0.194194", "standaloneScore": "0.15", "lightSharePercent": "0.0063" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II40-FLUID-PARTICLE-DISPLACEMENT", "title": "理想流体中圆柱绕流粒子的净位移", "year": "", "mReason": "在无限理想流体中推导圆柱周围粒子轨迹、永久前移及椭圆函数表示，形成具体的局部数学分析，故取 M=0.20。1999年技术史确认该分析及其更早优先者，但后来的漂移理论不能整体回授。", "overlapNote": "只计无限、完全流体中的该特解；部分中间轨迹由目测绘制，不计一般漂移理论或现实流体效应。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 跟踪无限理想流体绕圆柱的粒子并推导永久前移，计算和绘制有界轨迹并标示近似限制；Rankine 的流线论文提供绘图依据。速度势和流函数基础也被采用，但归属记录未给出来源。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.75" }, { "actor": "RANKINE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:RANKINE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:B07_STREAMLINE_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.75", "exactLight": "0.1941940588456254078179655797968504545702130571001983018309422646449857118368765180907882247069596275", "light": "0.194194", "standaloneScore": "0.15", "lightSharePercent": "0.0063" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1860-SPECTRAL-COLOUR-MEASUREMENT", "title": "谱光颜色测量", "year": "1860", "summary": "", "M": "0.3", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.46" }, { "actor": "KATHERINE MAXWELL", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:KATHERINE_MAXWELL", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.13" }, { "actor": "JAMES SIMPSON", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:JAMES_SIMPSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.13" }, { "actor": "SMITH RAMAGE MAKERS", "actorId": "OUT-COL-SPECTRAL-1860::SMITH_RAMAGE_MAKERS", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.09" }, { "actor": "YOUNG BREWSTER HELMHOLTZ INPUT POOL", "actorId": "OUT-COL-SPECTRAL-1860::YOUNG_BREWSTER_HELMHOLTZ_INPUT_POOL", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": ".09" }, { "actor": "未分配形成责任", "actorId": "OUT-SL0004-1860-SPECTRAL-COLOUR-MEASUREMENT::UNALLOCATED_COMMON_SCALE_20260915", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "mReason": "谱光—白光参照的实测能力；33次观察不是33个结果单位。", "aReason": "Maxwell、Katherine Maxwell、Simpson、制作者及Young/Brewster/Helmholtz输入维持原形成份额；牛顿图解只证明旧光学内容被采用，未形成新的未消费动作，故牛顿归零，余0.10未分配。", "overlapNote": "牛顿光学的持续使用留在原光学M；本项只计1856/1860谱光测量装置、观察和条件方程的新增交付。", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "missing": "沿用既有来源和有限主要族评估；未穷尽持续使用、独立替代路径和前驱贡献证据。本次修订并未重新全文核读所有原作。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell, Scientific Papers vol. I OCR primary carrier (1860 compound-colours paper)", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" }, { "label": "National Museums Scotland: Maxwell's explorations in colour", "url": "https://www.nms.ac.uk/discover-catalogue/edinburgh-physicist-james-clerk-maxwells-explorations-in-colour" } ], "share": "0.46", "exactLight": "0.1897672705264669789915796174079108277032694290465835150195055374389385031152016487127497286238699312", "light": "0.189767", "standaloneScore": "0.15", "lightSharePercent": "0.0062", "changeReason": "M沿用0.3；预算已按aReason修订。精确个人份额由共同budget按actorId读取，单项分由公式生成。" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1861-PHOTOGRAPHIC-COLOUR-PROJECTION", "title": "三色摄影投影演示", "year": "1861", "mReason": "三幅经滤色的摄影在投影中叠合为彩色丝带，且存世幻灯片提供独立佐证，构成完整的局部原型演示，故取 M=0.30。红、绿感光不足使还色不忠实，未达到成熟商业系统或长期结构性作用。", "overlapNote": "只计现场三幅分色照片的投影重组；不计完整色彩准确性、商业彩色摄影、现代传感器谱系、后来的彩色印片或三色理论的发明。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷I原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 设定三种光谱原色，以三盏灯展示，并呈示和叠加三幅分色图像；Thomas Sutton 与 Maxwell 合作拍摄三幅滤色丝带照片。滤镜、感光材料和处理过程是必要投入，但来源未指明其提供者；Young 的色三角框架也是明确前史输入。", "M": "0.30", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.45" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON THOMAS SUTTON 1819", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-THOMAS-SUTTON-1819", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:PHOTOGRAPHIC_MATERIALS_AND_FILTER_IMPLEMENTATION", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "THOMAS YOUNG", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:THOMAS_YOUNG", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".10" } ], "share": "0.45", "exactLight": "0.1856418950802394359700235387686084184053722675455708299103858518424398400040016128711682127842205848", "light": "0.185642", "standaloneScore": "0.15", "lightSharePercent": "0.0060" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1876-EQUIPOTENTIAL-LIGHTNING-GUIDANCE", "title": "等势原理与避雷的历史指导", "year": "1876", "mReason": "公开说明给出有限条件下的设计判断和反向风险，具有可行动的局部参考价值；未证实际安装、持续应用或避免伤亡。", "overlapNote": "限公开指导文本；不计安装、政策采纳或伤亡效果。", "sources": [ { "label": "等势与避雷指导", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦把等势原理组织成有界避雷指导；归功仅依据该历史说明中的实际推导与直接输入，不预支现代安全效果。", "M": "0.2", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "迈克尔·法拉第", "actorId": "SL-0013", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:ELECTROSTATIC_POTENTIAL_AND_CONDUCTION_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "0.1812477882559170472967678744770604242655321866268517483755461136686533310477514168847356763931623190", "light": "0.181248", "standaloneScore": "0.14", "lightSharePercent": "0.0059" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-I11-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "平面力线的合成绘图方法", "year": "", "mReason": "交付从已知力线构造合成系统的手工方法，并有示例支持局部帮助；没有长期群体采用证据，不按后世电磁学地位推高。", "overlapNote": "限手工叠加与交点追踪流程；不占有 Faraday 的力线表征，也不主张后续教育效应。", "sources": [ { "label": "平面力线合成绘图法", "url": "https://archive.org/download/scientificpapers01maxw/scientificpapers01maxw_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "麦克斯韦给出可执行的力线绘图程序；法拉第的明确研究作为有限输入，一般叠加和既有图解知识保留未分配部分，不扩成全部场论归功。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "迈克尔·法拉第", "actorId": "SL-0013", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:I11_SUPERPOSITION_AND_LINE_SYSTEMS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.20" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "0.1812477882559170472967678744770604242655321866268517483755461136686533310477514168847356763931623190", "light": "0.181248", "standaloneScore": "0.14", "lightSharePercent": "0.0059" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II70-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "头部运动中心的几何测量程序", "year": "未注明", "mReason": "头部参考、镜棱镜对准、两组位置记录、运动中心构造及退化处理组成一套有界测量程序，属于实质局部工具；不计精度、安全、临床采用或新生理发现。", "overlapNote": "仅计完整而窄的测量程序，不扩展到临床使用或参考方法的原创权。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 增加镜棱镜板对准，记录成对位置、构造中心，并提供近共线时的替代处理；Helmholtz 提供采用的牙模头骨参考法，普通垂直平分线构造来源未具名。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "HELMHOLTZ", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:HELMHOLTZ", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:B11_GEOMETRIC_CENTRE_METHOD", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "0.1812477882559170472967678744770604242655321866268517483755461136686533310477514168847356763931623190", "light": "0.181248", "standaloneScore": "0.14", "lightSharePercent": "0.0059" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1877-1879-SHIELDED-ELECTROSTATIC-NULL", "title": "屏蔽静电零示实验及条件解释", "year": "1877–1879", "mReason": "接地屏蔽和静电计的实际零示检验及条件化解释构成较强的局部实验检查交付；幂指数数值界限不可靠，旧有前驱与不能唯一证明力律的限制保留。", "overlapNote": "仅计该实验检查和解释，不把前驱实验、仪器名称或未可靠转录的数值界限扩成 Maxwell 独占成果。", "sources": [ { "label": "Campbell与Garnett：麦克斯韦生平", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/79044/pg79044-images.html" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 描述改良导电壳实验、零示观察及数学理论；MacAlister 实施实验，Cavendish 提供被重复和比较的前例，Thomson 提供象限静电计，Laplace 提供相关均匀壳条件的早期证明。", "M": "0.45", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "EXT PERSON DONALD MACALISTER 1854", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-DONALD-MACALISTER-1854", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.40" }, { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.25" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON HENRY CAVENDISH 1731", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-HENRY-CAVENDISH-1731", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "SIR WILLIAM THOMSON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:SIR_WILLIAM_THOMSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "LAPLACE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:LAPLACE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.25", "exactLight": "0.1697010045306400784929875201038957526924785583575641646735899833165866156520832316998485421565867340", "light": "0.169701", "standaloneScore": "0.14", "lightSharePercent": "0.0055" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1879-ASYMPTOTIC-CAPACITY-LONG-CYLINDER-AND-DISK", "title": "长圆柱与圆盘的渐近容量方法", "year": "1879", "mReason": "现代技术正文实际列用或比较同一圆柱下界和薄盘近似，支持受限计算参照的实际复用；仅闭合一次技术比较，不足以推出百余年间持续且重要的学科效应。", "overlapNote": "仅计受限近似方法及一次复用；不计所有端部修正、现代数值法或物理投产。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 引入并执行长圆柱能量界/调和近似，并用于有限厚度圆盘；Cavendish 提供界限背景，Ferrers 的球谐章节是明确工作参照，一般势与容量理论来源未闭合。", "M": "0.2", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "EXT PERSON HENRY CAVENDISH 1731", "actorId": "EXT-PERSON-HENRY-CAVENDISH-1731", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "FERRERS", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:FERRERS", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:ELECTROSTATIC_CAPACITY_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "0.1683015176662086867755701691572703939608513161535051949201499626923209502586263156786831280793650105", "light": "0.168302", "standaloneScore": "0.14", "lightSharePercent": "0.0055" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II31-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "受材料限制的近共焦棱镜透镜法", "year": "", "mReason": "材料受限下的近共焦配置和物镜分析构成一组可用的局部方法，取 M=0.20。独立叙述确认其交付，但没有比较采用或优于 Kirchhoff 配置的证据。", "overlapNote": "只计该受限配置；它明确以色彩分离为代价并受棱镜和像差限制，不计比较优势或广泛专业采用。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 设置受材料限制的棱镜／透镜问题，分析焦点补偿及色散分离损失和像差限制，并导出单透镜、双透镜安放条件和石英距离关系；Kirchhoff 提供具名的双消色差透镜和平行棱镜光束配置。折射、折射率和焦距基础未有具名来源。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.60" }, { "actor": "KIRCHHOFF", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:KIRCHHOFF", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:II31_OPTICS_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.25" } ], "share": "0.60", "exactLight": "0.1553552470765003262543724638374803636561704456801586414647538117159885694695012144726305797655677020", "light": "0.155355", "standaloneScore": "0.13", "lightSharePercent": "0.0051" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1868-REAL-IMAGE-STEREOSCOPE", "title": "已制成的实像立体镜", "year": "1868", "mReason": "前置真实融合像的镜片配置已由 Elliott 制成，并有观看者反馈，构成设计、实物和受限观看帮助，取 M=0.20。没有多年重要受益或强持续群体效果的证据。", "overlapNote": "只计所记载的特定已制成配置和观看效果，不计立体视觉的发明、生产规模、采用程度或性能比较。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 提出倒置幻灯片、两枚半英尺凸透镜和一枚更大透镜的前置融合像配置；Elliott Brothers 制成该装置；既有立体技术、透镜和成对图像是必要条件，但输入未给出可归属的具体提供者。", "M": "0.20", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.50" }, { "actor": "ELLIOTT BROTHERS", "actorId": "TEAM:ELLIOTT_BROTHERS", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:D02_PRIOR_STEREOSCOPIC_TECHNIQUE", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.20" } ], "share": "0.50", "exactLight": "0.1294627058970836052119770531979003030468087047334655345539615097633238078912510120605254831379730850", "light": "0.129463", "standaloneScore": "0.11", "lightSharePercent": "0.0042" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1873-FLOW-BIREFRINGENCE-OBSERVATION", "title": "流动双折射的暂时性观察", "year": "1873", "mReason": "材料特异的流动效应观察及其松弛解释被独立确认为实际结果，略高于实质局部知识门槛，取 M=0.18。没有持续流变学或工业能力的证据，且平行观察及1872/73差异限制优先权。", "overlapNote": "只计该材料中的暂时观察和松弛解释，不计测得松弛速率、独占优先权或后来的流变与工业应用。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 设置实验并报告暂时的流动效应；Poisson 的理论、David Brewster 的观察和 Augustin Fresnel 的解释是具名输入。偏振与 Nicol 装置以及实验材料制备必不可少，但没有具名提供者。", "M": "0.18", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.55" }, { "actor": "POISSON", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:POISSON", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "DAVID BREWSTER", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:DAVID_BREWSTER", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.09" }, { "actor": "AUGUSTIN FRESNEL", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:AUGUSTIN_FRESNEL", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:POLARIZATION_AND_NICOL_TOOLING", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:EXPERIMENTAL_PREPARATION", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.07" } ], "share": "0.55", "exactLight": 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"status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "JOHANN BENEDICT LISTING", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:JOHANN_BENEDICT_LISTING", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:TOPOGRAPHIC_AND_SURVEY_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.25" } ], "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "0.09629985397297378850504599758084341186653665430974775715687441947816158354765782055611418134897612335", "light": "0.096300", "standaloneScore": "0.08", "lightSharePercent": "0.0031" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1876-CAPILLARITY-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS", "title": "毛细现象的理论与实验参考综合", "year": "1876", "summary": "", "M": "0.2", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "未分配形成责任", "actorId": "OUT-SL0004-1876-CAPILLARITY-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS::UNALLOCATED_COMMON_SCALE_20260915", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.30" } ], "mReason": 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II OCR primary carrier (Capillary Action)", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" }, { "label": "Pomeau and Villermaux, Two hundred years of capillarity research", "url": "https://physicstoday.aip.org/features/two-hundred-years-of-capillarity-research" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "0.1812477882559170472967678744770604242655321866268517483755461136686533310477514168847356763931623190", "light": "0.181248", "standaloneScore": "0.14", "lightSharePercent": "0.0059", "changeReason": "M沿用0.2；预算已按aReason修订。精确个人份额由共同budget按actorId读取，单项分由公式生成。" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1866-DISC-VISCOSITY-MEASUREMENT", "title": "圆盘黏度测量实验记录", "year": "1866", "mReason": "公开的实验配置与可复查记录提供实际方法知识，取 M=0.1。修正数值和有疑温度律不作为正确结果重复计功；未审材料也不足以确认长期的专业能力改变。", "overlapNote": "只计实验配置与记录的交付，不计有疑温度律、已修正数值或后来的专业领域影响。", "sources": [ { "label": "Glazebrook：麦克斯韦传", "url": "https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65359/65359-h/65359-h.htm" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 记录实验的压强和温度观测；Maxwell 夫人长期添煤并控制蒸汽温度；机械装置和基线测量方法也是必要投入，但其提供者未获确认。", "M": "0.1", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.75" }, { "actor": "MRS MAXWELL", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:MRS_MAXWELL", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:EXPERIMENTAL_SETUP_AND_UNNAMED_INPUTS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.75", "exactLight": "0.09151384072647257669327920985842930254173138052041472183380583612757747701466826695674180801989286000", "light": "0.091514", "standaloneScore": "0.08", "lightSharePercent": "0.0030" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1855-PURE-ROLLING-PLATOMETER-DESIGN", "title": "纯滚动求积仪的数学设计", "year": "1855", "mReason": "两枚等球在地图上纯滚动并以指针累计变化表示面积的设计，提供了实质但局部的数学仪器方案，取 M=0.10。原文明确未建造，故没有实物测量、部署或持续机构结果。", "overlapNote": "只计理论仪器原理，不称为已制成或已部署的产品，也不计求积法或 Amsler 等既有仪器的起源。", "sources": [ { "label": "《科学论文集》卷I：求积仪设计", "url": 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"只计该讲演的解释性贡献，不计所举科学发现的共同作者资格、持续机构影响或技术分类的重复收益。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 展开数学和物理探究的关系；Sylvester 提供领域关系主题并被称为引导者；Spottiswoode 提供 Maxwell 明说沿用的分类路径；Tyndall 提供其采用的分子视角。", "M": "0.1", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.65" }, { "actor": "SYLVESTER", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:SYLVESTER", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "SPOTTISWOODE", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:SPOTTISWOODE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "TYNDALL", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:TYNDALL", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.65", "exactLight": "0.07931199529627623313417531521063872886950052978435942558929839131056714674604583136250956695057381200", "light": "0.079312", "standaloneScore": "0.07", "lightSharePercent": "0.0026" }, { "id": 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"已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".50" }, { "actor": "CAGNIARD DE LA TOUR", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:CAGNIARD-DE-LA-TOUR", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".07" }, { "actor": "THOMAS ANDREWS", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:THOMAS-ANDREWS", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".13" }, { "actor": "路德维希·玻尔兹曼", "actorId": "SL-0105", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".10" }, { "actor": "威廉·汤姆森（开尔文勋爵）", "actorId": "SL-2190", "type": "PERSON", "share": ".04" }, { "actor": "SOURCE LITERAL ELASTIC AFTEREFFECT ROLE POOL", "actorId": "ORDINARY-C::SOURCE-LITERAL-ELASTIC-AFTEREFFECT-ROLE-POOL", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": ".10" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "OUT-SL0004-CONSTITUTION-BODIES-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS::EP-SL0004-CONSTITUTION-BODIES-REFERENCE-PUBLICATION::ORDINARY-C::UNALLOCATED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": ".06" } ], "share": "0.50", "exactLight": "0.06100922715098171779551947323895286836115425368027648122253722408505165134311217797116120534659524000", "light": "0.061009", "standaloneScore": "0.05", "lightSharePercent": "0.0020" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1875-ATTRACTION-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS", "title": "吸引力理论的比较与参考综合", "year": "1875", "summary": "", "M": "0.1", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.70" }, { "actor": "GUYOT SCHELLBACH GUTHRIE WAVE DEMONSTRATIONS", "actorId": "ROLE_POOL:GUYOT-SCHELLBACH-GUTHRIE-WAVE-DEMONSTRATIONS", "type": "PREDECESSOR", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未分配形成责任", "actorId": "OUT-SL0004-1875-ATTRACTION-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS::UNALLOCATED_COMMON_SCALE_20260915", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.20" } ], "mReason": "一次完成、可复用的解释与批判组织；无持续使用或受益者结果。", "aReason": "本项M只计参考综合的组织、比较和批判服务；Maxwell编写主体取0.70，实际用于说明的波动演示组织取0.10，余0.20未分配。Newton、Faraday、Kelvin、Le Sage、Hooke、Challis等原理论仍归各自原成果，不因被综述再次领取个人份额。", "overlapNote": "所有被比较理论只作内容对象，不在参考综合中重复发原作者信用；不声称Maxwell原创这些理论。", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "missing": "沿用既有来源和有限主要族评估；未穷尽持续使用、独立替代路径和前驱贡献证据。本次修订并未重新全文核读所有原作。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell, Scientific Papers vol. II OCR primary carrier", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" }, { "label": "James Clerk Maxwell Foundation bibliography: Attraction in Encyclopaedia Britannica", "url": "https://www.clerkmaxwellfoundation.org/Bibliography.pdf" } ], "share": "0.70", "exactLight": "0.08541291801137440491372726253453401570561595515238707371155211371907231188035704915962568748523333600", "light": "0.085413", "standaloneScore": "0.07", "lightSharePercent": "0.0028", "changeReason": "M沿用0.1；预算已按aReason修订。精确个人份额由共同budget按actorId读取，单项分由公式生成。" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1873-1875-MOLECULAR-EVIDENCE-PUBLIC-SYNTHESIS", "title": "分子证据的公开讲演", "year": "1873", "mReason": "讲演将分子研究整理为有明确知识边界的公开解释，构成一项已交付的传播成果，采用M0.1。现有材料不足以证明更深或更持久的受益规模。", "overlapNote": "仅计1873年讲演的独有内容；1875年《原子》条目另列，不重复计入。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell《Scientific Papers》卷II：1873年分子讲演", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "missing": "", "aReason": "归功限于1873年讲演的作者组织与明确资料输入；1875年《原子》条目另计，不把同一完整文章在两项中重复使用。", "M": "0.1", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.45" }, { "actor": "鲁道夫·克劳修斯", "actorId": "SL-0817", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "BOLTZMANN", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:BOLTZMANN", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:MOLECULAR_EVIDENCE_PREHISTORY", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.10" } ], "share": "0.45", "exactLight": "0.05490830443588354601596752591505758152503882831224883310028350167654648620880096017404508481193571600", "light": "0.054908", "standaloneScore": "0.05", "lightSharePercent": "0.0018" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1875-ATOM-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS", "title": "原子概念的参考性综合", "year": "1875", "mReason": "《原子》条目整理既有原子观念与分子研究，提供有限范围的参考性知识综合，采用M0.2。该分值不涵盖原子理论本身或后世分子科学的全部成果。", "overlapNote": "只计《原子》条目的综合与传播；1873年分子讲演的独有内容另列。", "sources": [ { "label": "Maxwell《Scientific Papers》卷II：《Atom》，起于第445页", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "missing": "", "aReason": "麦克斯韦完成参考条目的组织与综合；被解释的先行发现各有原作者，本人既有研究也不因再次介绍而重复算作新发现。", "M": "0.2", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "鲁道夫·克劳修斯", "actorId": "SL-0817", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "BOLTZMANN", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:BOLTZMANN", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "THOMAS GRAHAM", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:THOMAS_GRAHAM", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "LOSCHMIDT", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:LOSCHMIDT", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "O E MEYER", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:O_E_MEYER", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "Stefan", "actorId": "EXT-LITERAL:Stefan", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.07" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:PRIOR_ATOMIC_AND_MOLECULAR_SCIENCE", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.18" } ], "share": "0.20", "exactLight": "0.05178508235883344208479082127916012121872348189338621382158460390532952315650040482421019325518923400", "light": "0.051785", "standaloneScore": "0.04", "lightSharePercent": "0.0017" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II53-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "变分解不连续的条件说明", "year": "未注明", "mReason": "说明根合并、极值角色变化和解不连续，交付了一例局部概念澄清；没有通用可操作工具或持续课程，但比孤立痕量帮助更完整。", "overlapNote": "仅计该例的概念解释，不因尚未工业部署而额外扣分，也不扩成通用工具。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 通过系数变化、最小根与最大根合并以及最快上升例子解释不连续；极值根条件所依赖的变分基础来源未具名。", "M": "0.050", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.85" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:B08_VARIATIONAL_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.15" } ], "share": "0.85", "exactLight": "0.05036566640069554698788831728639232698249077029784275180632185760122129627916305485431002179145384115", "light": "0.050366", "standaloneScore": "0.04", "lightSharePercent": "0.0016" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-II85-BOUNDED-METHOD", "title": "反平方吸引中发散项配对的有限澄清", "year": "", "mReason": "对奇异一维杆配对，指出各反平方吸引虽发散而差可有限、因而不能任意消去发散项，构成狭窄的概念澄清，取 M=0.050。后半推论受批评，不能扩展为奇异积分通法或持续教学成果。", "overlapNote": "只计一维杆配对的前半澄清，不计新的三维引力发现、流体／圆盘／椭球后续命题或其缺陷。", "sources": [ { "label": "《麦克斯韦科学论文集》卷II原文OCR", "url": "https://archive.org/download/india.history.resource.111835/111835_djvu.txt" } ], "aReason": "Maxwell 说明点附近成对的反平方吸引各自发散、差值却有限，从而揭示逐对消去会给出错误总结论；反平方吸引和极限／发散推理的基础未列出具名前驱。", "M": "0.050", "status": "已纳入研究估分", "budget": [ { "actor": "詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦", "actorId": "SL-0004", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.80" }, { "actor": "未分配", "actorId": "UNALLOCATED:II85_INVERSE_SQUARE_LIMIT_FOUNDATIONS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.20" } ], "share": "0.80", "exactLight": "0.04740298014183110304742429862248689598352072498620494287653821891879651414509463986288002050960361520", "light": "0.047403", "standaloneScore": "0.04", "lightSharePercent": "0.0015" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0004-1876-FLUID-INSTRUMENT-REFERENCE-SYNTHESIS", "title": "流体仪器与真空技术的参考综合", "year": "1876", "summary": "麦克斯韦的参考文章综合流体仪器与真空技术，吸收多位前驱的技术材料。伽利略在此获得的是文章采用的吸水泵限度与真空问题前史份额。", "mReason": "已交付一份有限而可行动的真空技术综合，作为局部参考能力取 M=0.1。没有持续作用的证据，不能因检查环节或技术题名增加范围。", "aReason": "本人物归功：伽利略·伽利莱（5.00%）：作为文章实际采用的吸水泵限度/真空转折归属；不升级为独立史实定论。。完整预算：詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦（38.00%）：选择并组织泵史、泄漏、除气、测试与真空研究，直接形成终端。；Ctesibius（5.00%）：提供早期活塞泵技术起点。；Hero（3.00%）：提供虹吸和喷泉装置材料。；伽利略·伽利莱（5.00%）：作为文章实际采用的吸水泵限度/真空转折归属；不升级为独立史实定论。；Torricelli（10.00%）：提供汞管实验及大气压解释的核心路线。；Otto Von Guericke（8.00%）：提供机械抽气改进与不完全真空诊断。；II79 HOOKE BOYLE HAUKSBEE SMEATON PUMP CHAIN（9.00%）：提供泵制作、实验使用与后继改良链。；M. 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