{ "personId": "morris-chang", "uid": "SL-0142", "name": "张忠谋", "version": "V2研究贡献账", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15", "formula": { "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1", "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ", "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ", "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)" }, "scopeNote": "本轮当前已列5项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。", "exclusions": [ { "id": "CHANG-TI-SEMICONDUCTOR-PRODUCTION-MANAGEMENT", "title": "TI半导体生产与质量管理的其余长期任职", "reason": "TI任职和职务序列可确认，但除本文件已量化的1958良率方法及学习曲线实践外，现有材料没有另一个可从公司整体表现中分离的具体方法、决策和交付终点。不能以职位把TI全部集成电路生产、质量、教育或利润归给个人。", "sources": [ { "label": "相关史料", "url": "https://computerhistory.org/profile/fellow-morris-chang/" }, { "label": "相关史料", "url": "https://pr.tsmc.com/english/news/2244" } ] }, { "id": "CHANG-LATER-TSMC-EXECUTIVE-LEADERSHIP", "title": "TSMC后续董事长与CEO任职", "reason": "首十年代工服务与2009年有据可查的重组已分别列入。其余长期任职尚未分解为具名决策及交付；不以职位领取公司全部后续制程、营收与供应链成果。", "sources": [ { "label": "相关史料", "url": "https://www.semi.org/en/Oral-History-Interview-Morris-Chang" } ] } ], "items": [ { "id": "OUT-SL0142-EARLY-DEDICATED-FOUNDRY-SERVICE-STAGE", "title": "客户中立专属晶圆代工从开业到首十年实际服务", "year": "1987—1998", "summary": "Chang提出并陈述不与客户竞争的专属代工模式、参与商业计划与筹资；政府和ITRI转移技术资产及人员，Philips等提供资本和产业条件，TSMC团队把模式变成持续制造服务，客户以设计、订单和验证形成实际市场。", "mReason": "M5.8与Watt成熟动力系统同档：两者都把已有技术和多方组织输入集成为跨年运行、可被不同客户使用的工业服务。1998同期年报和独立概述支持实际服务与功能，但范围和证据尚不足以达到Pearl Street M6.3的城市基础设施广度。旧M4–5没有充分表达跨年客户中立制造服务的系统终态和奠基作用。", "aReason": "Chang以模式、商业计划、筹资与组织方向获0.25；ITRI及政府的厂房、设备、技术和人员转移0.15；Philips与创始投资者0.10；TSMC工程制造运营团队0.30；客户设计、订单和信任0.10；RCA许可等半导体制造前史0.05；未知0.05。公司端点和个人份额严格分开。", "sources": [ { "label": "50th.itri.org.tw", "url": "https://50th.itri.org.tw/en/history/semiconductors/2/" }, { "label": "www.semi.org", "url": "https://www.semi.org/en/Oral-History-Interview-Morris-Chang" }, { "label": "archive.computerhistory.org", "url": "https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Chang_Morris/Chang_Morris_1.oral_history.2007.102658129.pdf" }, { "label": "investor.tsmc.com", "url": 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"actorId": "CHANG-FOUNDRY::CUSTOMER-DESIGN-ORDER-TRUST-INPUTS", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "半导体制造与RCA授权技术前史", "actorId": "CHANG-FOUNDRY::SEMICONDUCTOR-MANUFACTURING-RCA-LICENSE-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未识别归属", "actorId": "CHANG-FOUNDRY::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.25", "exactLight": "198.3320586810703755164795707090969831472401579388710830230809823292389242978718843742738129617975695", "light": "198.332059", "standaloneScore": "4.60", "lightSharePercent": "71.2415" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0142-1958-GERMANIUM-TRANSISTOR-YIELD-IMPROVEMENT", "title": "TI 锗扩散晶体管生产线的良率改进", "year": "1958", "summary": "Chang主导以器件物理约束多变量配方试验，团队把参数组合落实到生产，使特定产品线从近乎不可生产变为有实用良率。", "mReason": "M3.6高于一般工具M3，因为方法在真实生产线上取得显著、可界定的良率恢复；低于跨产品或跨机构平台，因为缺产品编号、同期工艺日志、产量与净利润账。工程成果没有类别上限，本点受限来自证据和scope。", "aReason": "Chang以问题诊断和参数方法主导获0.45；具体实验、工艺和生产执行团队获0.30；TI设备、组织和质量条件0.10；晶体管与扩散工艺前史0.10；未知0.05。口述中的第一人称不能吞没未具名工程和生产劳动。", "sources": [ { "label": "www.semi.org", "url": "https://www.semi.org/en/Oral-History-Interview-Morris-Chang" }, { "label": "spectrum.ieee.org", "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/morris-chang-foundry-father" } ], "missing": "缺同期TI工艺日志、产品编号和团队名册。；参与者口述与行业报道支持方向和量级，但不能证明净利润或个人精确份额。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计1958年一条困难锗扩散晶体管生产线中，基于器件物理反复调整温度、压力、掺杂剂杂质、锗片厚度和基区宽度，使接近零的良率在约三至四个月内提升至20%–30%的工艺交付。排除晶体管发明、TI全部生产与利润、后来集成电路和TSMC成果。", "M": "3.6", "budget": [ { "actor": "张忠谋", "actorId": "SL-0142", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.45" }, { "actor": "工艺试验与生产团队", "actorId": "CHANG-TI-YIELD::PROCESS-ENGINEERING-PRODUCTION-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "德州仪器", "actorId": "INSTITUTION:TEXAS-INSTRUMENTS", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "晶体管及扩散工艺前史", "actorId": "CHANG-TI-YIELD::TRANSISTOR-DIFFUSION-PROCESS-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.10" }, { "actor": "未识别归属", "actorId": "CHANG-TI-YIELD::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.45", "exactLight": "27.94308050160869622454620614800547391028253657347029260374782879750727244839590634078113304846435192", "light": "27.943081", "standaloneScore": "2.92", "lightSharePercent": "10.0372" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0142-2009-CEO-ORGANIZATION-CAPACITY-ADJUSTMENT", "title": "2009年返任CEO后的组织重组与产能调整", "year": "2009", "summary": "在需求剧变后，公司重组制造运营与业务发展两类组织，并调整产能。张忠谋承担方向与组织责任，重大投资由董事会授权、团队执行。", "mReason": "M4.2反映一家既有大型制造服务企业在需求剧变中完成组织重组和实际产能调整的有界经营交付。它高于纯任职或计划，但低于首十年代工服务M5.8，因为没有新产业架构，且个人决策与公司团队执行只能保守分配。", "aReason": "Chang以返任CEO、署名解释组织重组及总体方向获0.20；董事会对重大资本授权占0.20；Operations与制造执行0.25；Business Development和客户协作0.15；财务、产能规划及落地0.15；未知0.05。股东信署名支持方向责任，但不能把复数‘公司行动’改写为个人独断。", "sources": [ { "label": "台积电2009年股东信", "url": "https://www.tsmc.com/download/ir/annualReports/2009/pdf_e/e_1.pdf" }, { "label": "台积电2009年董事会决议", "url": "https://pr.tsmc.com/english/news/1587" } ], "missing": "股东信没有逐项说明哪些产能、重组和客户措施由Chang本人提出、批准或改变。；缺各组织负责人、运营团队和董事的具体分工。；资源、能源、劳动及下游军民用途的净后果未审结。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计2009年Chang于6月返任CEO后，将公司进一步重组为Operations Organization与Business Development Organization，并在衰退后需求快速恢复时完成产能回升及当年先进产能投入的有界管理交付。董事会2009年11月通过的资本授权是集体治理和资源条件。排除2010预测或计划、所有后续制程和产能、公司长期营收市值、以及把27亿美元投入金额直接当作贡献量。", "M": "4.2", "budget": [ { "actor": "张忠谋", "actorId": "SL-0142", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "台积电董事会", "actorId": "INSTITUTION:TSMC-BOARD-OF-DIRECTORS", "type": "INSTITUTION", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "运营组织与制造团队", "actorId": "CHANG-2009::OPERATIONS-MANUFACTURING-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.25" }, { "actor": "业务发展与客户合作团队", "actorId": "CHANG-2009::BUSINESS-DEVELOPMENT-CUSTOMER-PARTNERSHIP-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "财务、产能规划与执行团队", "actorId": "CHANG-2009::FINANCE-CAPACITY-PLANNING-EXECUTION", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未识别归属", "actorId": "CHANG-2009::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.20", "exactLight": "24.97850823588334420847908212791601212187234818933862138215846039053295231565004048242101932551892340", "light": "24.978508", "standaloneScore": "2.83", "lightSharePercent": "8.9724" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0142-TI-IC-LEARNING-CURVE-PRICING-COST-CONTROL", "title": "TI 集成电路的学习曲线定价与成本控制实践", "year": "1960年代后期", "summary": "Chang作为关键管理对接人，把外部学习曲线框架与内部成本、价格和季度执行结合；BCG提供咨询输入，TI团队实施成本与定价动作。", "mReason": "M3.8高于一般工具M3，因为方法进入持续季度决策并与成本降低、市场扩展相连；证据只有参与者回忆，缺价格表、成本曲线和同期授权档案，故不升到跨公司经营平台。", "aReason": "Chang的导入和管理执行0.30；BCG方法咨询0.20；TI定价、财务、制造和产品团队0.30；学习曲线经济学前史0.15；未知0.05。市场份额增加不能反推个人独占。", "sources": [ { "label": "www.semi.org", "url": "https://www.semi.org/en/Oral-History-Interview-Morris-Chang" } ], "missing": "缺同期价格表、成本曲线、董事会授权和BCG项目档案。；产品开发等同期策略的相对因果作用未分解。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计1960年代后期Chang任TI集成电路总经理时，与BCG合作把学习曲线系统用于定价和成本控制，并执行按季主动降价的管理实践。排除学习曲线概念首创、TI全部市场份额与利润、中规模集成产品开发及TSMC商业模式。", "M": "3.8", "budget": [ { "actor": "张忠谋", "actorId": "SL-0142", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "波士顿咨询公司", "actorId": "INSTITUTION:BOSTON-CONSULTING-GROUP", "type": "COLLABORATOR", "share": "0.20" }, { "actor": "定价、成本、制造与产品团队", "actorId": "CHANG-TI-LEARNING-CURVE::PRICING-COST-MANUFACTURING-PRODUCT-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.30" }, { "actor": "学习曲线与经济学前史", "actorId": "CHANG-TI-LEARNING-CURVE::LEARNING-CURVE-ECONOMICS-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "未识别归属", "actorId": "CHANG-TI-LEARNING-CURVE::UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.30", "exactLight": "23.52984704172844506197754848509163797766881895266452996276971787950867091574462612491285755541570834", "light": "23.529847", "standaloneScore": "2.78", "lightSharePercent": "8.4520" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0142-2000-NOYCE-HONORARIUM-DONATION", "title": "Noyce Medal 两万美元奖金捐赠", "year": "2000", "summary": "Chang作出把个人奖金转给既有公益载体的明确处分，使20,000美元从个人可支配奖励转入基金会资源。", "mReason": "M1.4是低规模但具体、金额明确的交付，低于一般工具M3。无需等待宏观教育效果才能承认转移发生，但第一方公告不足以把基金会后续项目效果计入。", "aReason": "捐赠处分由Chang作出，个人0.90；接收和入账执行机构0.05；到账或转账细节未知0.05。奖项评选不属于捐赠行为的共同作者。", "sources": [ { "label": "pr.tsmc.com", "url": "https://pr.tsmc.com/english/news/2244" } ], "missing": "公告不是银行到账收据或基金会项目账。；受益对象和后续项目效果不计入本M。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "只计2000年IEEE Noyce Medal所附20,000美元奖金由Chang转给TSMC Education and Culture Foundation这一具体资源转移。不领取基金会全部教育、社区、艺术和文化项目，也不并入公司ESG或他人慈善。", "M": "1.4", "budget": [ { "actor": "张忠谋", "actorId": "SL-0142", "type": "SUBJECT", "share": "0.90" }, { "actor": "台积电教育文化基金会", "actorId": "INSTITUTION:TSMC-EDUCATION-AND-CULTURE-FOUNDATION", "type": "RECIPIENT_INSTITUTION", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "转移环节待核", "actorId": "CHANG-NOYCE-DONATION::TRANSFER-UNKNOWN", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.90", "exactLight": "3.610685102645450565013987681964511912544247908495373375367277103001101301199476200637934855933278634", "light": "3.610685", "standaloneScore": "1.33", "lightSharePercent": "1.2970" } ], "exactTotalLight": 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