{ "personId": "tesla", "uid": "SL-0039", "name": "尼古拉·特斯拉", "version": "V2研究贡献账", "updatedAt": "2026-09-15", "formula": { "q": "Q = 10^(M/2) − 1", "light": "Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ", "total": "L = Σ Lᵢ", "score": "S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L)" }, "scopeNote": "本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。", "exclusions": [ { "id": "TESLA-WARDENCLYFFE-UNCOMPLETED", "title": "Wardenclyffe 全球无线通信与传能计划", "reason": "Wardenclyffe 实验室和塔于1901年开建，但资金问题令项目1903年停止，1915年失去场地，1917年塔被拆除；现有证据未显示其建成可用的全球通信或传能系统。", "sources": [ { "label": "Tesla 科学中心：Wardenclyffe 历史", "url": "https://teslasciencecenter.org/announcements/amazon-gershow-recycling-support-tesla-science-center/" } ] }, { "id": "TESLA-AC-INDUSTRIAL-IMPLEMENTATION", "title": "多相交流系统的完整工业实施", "reason": "Westinghouse 的工程制造人员、Niagara 的发电输电建设团队和早期运营者承担了把专利与装置转化为基础设施的不同工作，未将其全部归入特斯拉个人。", "sources": [ { "label": "Tesla 科学中心：特斯拉发明", "url": "https://teslasciencecenter.org/nikola-tesla-inventions/" } ] } ], "items": [ { "id": "OUT-SL0039-1887-1896-POLYPHASE-AC-MOTOR-IMPLEMENTATION", "title": "旋转磁场、感应电动机与多相交流工业实施链", "year": "1887", "summary": "围绕旋转磁场发展感应电动机，并在1888年形成多相交流系统。相关技术与 George Westinghouse 的合作、Westinghouse 制造工程和 Niagara 的发电输电建设共同构成远距离输配电的实施链。", "mReason": "在已有电磁与交流研究基线上，Tesla给出可用旋转磁场、电机与多相系统增量，Westinghouse和Niagara团队把它变成工业制造与规模化供电链。按共同尺度，这是接近Pearl Street系统锚的通用基础电力系统，故取M6.4；个人设计、企业工程和电站交付不可拆成三个完整文明成果。", "aReason": "Tesla获0.32，限于核心方法与技术方向；Westinghouse本人及公司工程制造合计0.31；Niagara工程施工0.14；Faraday等电磁和交流前史0.13；采用与未知各0.05。现有证据不足以把工程实施主要归给Tesla。", "sources": [ { "label": "Tesla 科学中心：特斯拉发明", "url": "https://teslasciencecenter.org/nikola-tesla-inventions/" } ], "missing": "未读Westinghouse合同、Niagara设计图及逐项制造记录。；Tesla在Niagara实际设备设计中的个人份额仍需档案校准。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "1887至1896年从旋转磁场、感应电动机和多相供电方法到Westinghouse制造与Niagara交流实施的连续系统成果。各电机专利、Chicago展示和Niagara工程只作为同一方法走向工业服务的环节，不分别累加M；不领取交流电本身、后世全球电网或全部电气化收益。", "M": "6.4", "budget": [ { "actor": "尼古拉·特斯拉", "actorId": "SL-0039", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.32" }, { "actor": "George Westinghouse（交流系统合作方与产业组织者）", "actorId": "EXT-NAME:GEORGE-WESTINGHOUSE", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "Westinghouse 工程与制造人员", "actorId": "TESLA::WESTINGHOUSE-ENGINEERING-AND-MANUFACTURING", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.16" }, { "actor": "Niagara 发电、输电与建设团队", "actorId": "TESLA::NIAGARA-GENERATION-TRANSMISSION-AND-CONSTRUCTION-TEAM", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.14" }, { "actor": "Faraday 与交流电学前史", "actorId": "TESLA::FARADAY-AND-AC-ELECTRICAL-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.13" }, { "actor": "早期系统运营者与采用者", "actorId": "TESLA::EARLY-OPERATORS-AND-ADOPTERS", "type": "ADOPTER_POOL", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "TESLA::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.32", "exactLight": "506.8458215875563152646724394852822442462214828240125018612149799413301963739052736352648716307555341", "light": "506.845822", "standaloneScore": "5.41", "lightSharePercent": "85.4062" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0039-1897-1900-TUNED-WIRELESS-REMOTE-CONTROL", "title": "调谐无线多电路方法与遥控展示", "year": "1897", "summary": "申请并在1900年获授权的专利披露发射端与接收端各两电路、调至同一频率的调谐安排，规格也提及远距离传递可理解讯息；1898年曾作遥控船展示。无线技术同时有 Hertz、Marconi、Lodge、Stone 等人的前史和并行工作。", "mReason": "调谐电路与遥控展示构成有界的通信及控制方法交付，采用M4.2；它不领取完整商业无线系统或所有无线电技术的价值。原记录核读程度另列缺口，不作为M的直接折扣。", "aReason": "特斯拉42%计已列技术构造，实验室制作13%、展示支持8%。原评审将前驱与并行路线混在30%池中，尚不能逐一证明其对本成果的直接输入，因此这30%暂不归给任何具名人物，另有7%未知；不把独立竞争者自动当作共同作者。", "sources": [ { "label": "美国最高法院：Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. v. United States", "url": "https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep320/usrep320001/usrep320001.pdf" }, { "label": "Tesla 科学中心：特斯拉发明", "url": "https://teslasciencecenter.org/nikola-tesla-inventions/" } ], "missing": "遥控船原始说明、照片和现场记录未核。；完整专利优先权和商业采用法史尚未闭合。；Hertz、Marconi、Lodge、Stone等各自工作的时间与直接传递关系待分解；共同出现于技术史或判决不等于同成果贡献。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "1897申请、1900授权且1943法院文本可核的发射与接收端调谐多电路安排及远距讯息用途，连同1898遥控船展示线索。只计有界电路方法与展示，不称发明无线电，不领取广播、全球无线网络或Wardenclyffe未完成目标。", "M": "4.2", "budget": [ { "actor": "尼古拉·特斯拉", "actorId": "SL-0039", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.42" }, { "actor": "无线实验室与装置制作人员", "actorId": "TESLA::TESLA-WIRELESS-LAB-AND-FABRICATION", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.13" }, { "actor": "无线方法的具体输入待核（未分配到人物）", "actorId": "TESLA::WIRELESS-INPUTS-ATTRIBUTION-UNRESOLVED", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.3" }, { "actor": "遥控展示支持人员", "actorId": "TESLA::REMOTE-CONTROL-DEMONSTRATION-SUPPORT", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.08" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "TESLA::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.07" } ], "share": "0.42", "exactLight": "52.45486729535502283780607246862362545593193119761110490253276682011919986286508501308414058358973914", "light": "52.454867", "standaloneScore": "3.46", "lightSharePercent": "8.8389" }, { "id": "OUT-SL0039-1891-1893-HIGH-FREQUENCY-APPARATUS", "title": "高频高压线圈与无电极照明实验方法", "year": "1891", "summary": "在高频高压线圈、绝缘和无电极照明上开展装置实验与公开讲演，记录了多种灯具及以快速交变静电势激发无电极管的实验。", "mReason": "原讲演直接支持装置构造、运行现象和技术限制，属于可复核实验仪器与方法，而非商业照明系统。其跨实验用途高于单一演示器物，但缺部署和采用证据，故取M3.6。", "aReason": "Tesla获0.55；实验室制作与助手0.15；既有高频电学和放电管研究0.20；讲演支持与未知各0.05。", "sources": [ { "label": "Tesla 科学中心：1891年高频交流与人工照明讲演", "url": "https://teslasciencecenter.org/announcements/experiments-with-alternate-currents-of-very-high-frequency-and-their-application-to-methods-of-artificial-illumination-by-nikola-tesla/" }, { "label": "Tesla 科学中心：特斯拉发明", "url": "https://teslasciencecenter.org/nikola-tesla-inventions/" } ], "missing": "缺各装置独立部署、专利有效性和产业采用证据。；实验室助手及器物制造分工未明。", "status": "缺证暂估", "overlapNote": "1891至1893年高频高压线圈、绝缘处理及无电极放电管照明的已构造、运行和公开讲演实验。多种灯具是同一实验方法的实例，不逐件计分；未实现的完美真空灯、后世广播和全部高压应用排除。", "M": "3.6", "budget": [ { "actor": "尼古拉·特斯拉", "actorId": "SL-0039", "type": "PERSON", "share": "0.55" }, { "actor": "特斯拉实验室助手与装置制作人员", "actorId": "TESLA::TESLA-LABORATORY-ASSISTANTS-AND-FABRICATION", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.15" }, { "actor": "高频电学与放电管前史", "actorId": "TESLA::HIGH-FREQUENCY-ELECTRICAL-AND-DISCHARGE-TUBE-PREHISTORY", "type": "PREDECESSOR_POOL", "share": "0.2" }, { "actor": "讲演演示支持人员", "actorId": "TESLA::LECTURE-DEMONSTRATION-SUPPORT", "type": "TEAM", "share": "0.05" }, { "actor": "未分配的背景贡献", "actorId": "TESLA::UNKNOWN-CONTRIBUTORS", "type": "UNALLOCATED", "share": "0.05" } ], "share": "0.55", "exactLight": "34.15265394641062871888980751422891255701198914535257984902512408584222188137277441651027372590087457", "light": "34.152654", "standaloneScore": "3.09", "lightSharePercent": "5.7549" } ], "exactTotalLight": "593.4533428293219668213683194681347822591654031669761866127728708472916181181431330648592859402461478", "totalLight": "593.453343", "exactScore": "5.548235547188006692847993970072100054059234476738000229729565870563361102342403379765124541273597016", "displayScore": "5.55", "provisionalCount": 3, "provenance": { "releaseId": "research-200-20260914", "baselineLedgerSha256": "8bdd406b3e20ae22357644499e622922c670ff11010df0478c70c23b38902108", "c24DeltaSha256": "b0b96144d1d3397e54a61c3d706ff2da5920fe7617e3bef50407149cb97d9d62", "generatorSha256": "25de659e9852503508e7c27d8a31773b8da5d6310531b1e3699d18cc94319929" }, "priorScopeNote": "3项已列贡献的研究估分，含3项暂估。账本覆盖有限的主要成果，尚未穷尽生涯。M与归功份额是可修订的评估判断；未覆盖经历和负面影响不按零处理。", "rank": 113 }