PERSON · STARLIGHT

Johannes Gutenberg

Recorded name: 约翰内斯·古腾堡

Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400–1468) was a metalworker and printing-workshop owner in Mainz. Building on existing European woodblock printing, he organized repeatedly cast metal type, composition, ink, and screw-press printing into a workshop process, and demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale print delivery with the Forty-Two-Line Bible.

Original Chinese introduction

约翰内斯·古腾堡（Johannes Gutenberg，约1400—1468）是美因茨的金工和印刷作坊主。他在欧洲既有木版印刷基础上，将可重复铸造的金属字符、排版、油墨和螺旋压印组织为作坊流程，并以《四十二行圣经》展示大型印刷交付的可行性。

Mid-fifteenth-century Mainz already had paper, metalworking, presswork, and commercial-financing conditions. Gutenberg's workshop depended on Johann Fust's funding and the skilled labor of Peter Schöffer and others. Movable-type printing appeared earlier in East Asia; the Gutenberg Museum describes the two technical histories as parallel and independent developments.

Original Chinese context

十五世纪中叶的美因茨已有纸张、金工、压印和商业融资条件。古腾堡的作坊依赖Johann Fust的资金及Peter Schöffer等人的专业劳动。东亚的活字印刷出现更早；古腾堡博物馆将两地技术描述为平行的独立发展。

Introduction sources
Provisional score5.59

Displayed to two decimal places.

Score tierNova T5

Derived from the current score.

Evaluated contributions1

Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.

ASSESSMENT SCOPE

What this score covers

All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.

Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.

1 included contribution has incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.

Original scope note

This research record currently includes 1 outcome within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.

Original Chinese scope

本轮当前已列1项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。

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CALCULATION

How the score is calculated

Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).

M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.

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SCORE DETAILS

1 evaluated contributions

M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.

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OutcomeMAttribution shareAttributed lightStandalone scoreShare of totalStatus
01Repeatable typecasting, typesetting, ink impression, and delivery by the Forty-Two-Line Bible workshop可重复铸字、排版、墨印压印与《四十二行圣经》作坊交付OUT-SL0024-1450-1455-METAL-TYPE-PRESS-B42-SYSTEM · 14506.535%622.0477945.59100.0000%Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence

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NOTES AND SOURCES

Contribution notes and source links

English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.

01Repeatable typecasting, typesetting, ink impression, and delivery by the Forty-Two-Line Bible workshop可重复铸字、排版、墨印压印与《四十二行圣经》作坊交付OUT-SL0024-1450-1455-METAL-TYPE-PRESS-B42-SYSTEM

Record year1450

summaryBuilding on existing European woodblock printing, combining steel punches, copper matrices, hand molds, and lead-tin alloy movable type, typesetting, ink, and screw press into a reusable process. From 1452, the workshop systematically applied this to the large-scale production of the Latin Forty-Two-Line Bible; Fust's financing, Schöffer's collaboration, and the workshop personnel's labor were part of this delivery.

Original Chinese · summary

在欧洲既有木版印刷的基础上，把钢质字冲、铜质字模、手铸模与铅锡合金活字、排版、油墨和螺旋压印结合为可复用流程。1452年起，该作坊将系统用于拉丁文《四十二行圣经》的大型生产；Fust 的融资、Schöffer 的协作和作坊人员的劳动属于这项交付的一部分。

M rationaleM6.5 reflects a foundational manufacturing and information-delivery system that recombined existing processes into repeatable text production, demonstrated through roughly 180 copies of a substantial book. It is assessed above the single-city service around Pearl Street’s M6.3 because the process can be reused across texts, but below the broader foundational theory level M7. No antiquity bonus or engineering ceiling is applied.

Original Chinese · M rationale

M6.5反映一个把多个既有工艺重新组合为可重复文字生产系统、并以约180部大型书籍完成实际验证的基础制造与信息交付。它高于Pearl Street M6.3附近的单城服务，因为可复制工艺跨文本复用，但低于更广的基础理论M7；没有古代加成或工程上限。

attribution rationaleGutenberg receives 0.35 for system organization, workshop, and technical direction; Fust receives 0.15 for two financing rounds and partnership delivery; Schöffer receives 0.10 for workshop technology and subsequent succession; the anonymous typecasting, typesetting, impression, and binding team receives 0.20; European woodblock, metalworking, press, and ink prehistory receives 0.15; unknown receives 0.05.

Original Chinese · attribution rationale

Gutenberg以系统组织、作坊和技术方向获0.35；Fust两笔融资及合伙交付0.15；Schöffer的作坊技术与后续承接0.10；匿名铸字、排版、压印和装订团队0.20；欧洲木版、金工、压力机和油墨前史0.15；未知0.05。

overlap boundaryTreat the repeatable typecasting formed by steel punches, copper matrices, hand molds, and metal alloys around 1450–1455, along with typesetting, adapted ink, screw press, and the B42 large-book workshop delivery, as an indivisible system end-state. Punches, matrices, alloys, ink, press, and the Bible project do not separately accumulate M. Exclude claims of world-first printing or movable type, later publishing revolutions, literacy growth, Reformation, and the entire printing industry.

Original Chinese · overlap boundary

把约1450–1455年钢质字冲、铜质字模、手铸模和金属合金形成的可重复铸字，连同排版、适配油墨、螺旋压印和B42大型书籍作坊交付视为一个不可拆分系统终态。字冲、字模、合金、油墨、压力机和圣经项目不分别累加M。排除世界范围首次印刷或活字的主张、后世出版革命、识字增长、宗教改革和全部印刷产业。

Evidence gapsFew of Gutenberg’s own technical writings or complete workshop accounts survive. The approximate output of 180 copies, division of work and distribution of property after litigation still need to be checked against original notarial records. This review obtained only search excerpts from the LOC page, not its full text. East Asian printing predates European printing, but the current sources do not establish direct technical transmission; earlier appearance alone does not warrant a share of attribution.

Original Chinese · evidence gaps

Gutenberg个人技术文稿和完整作坊账册存世有限。；约180部产量、工序分工和诉讼后财产分配仍需原始公证书校准。；LOC页面本轮只取得搜索摘录，未读取正文。；东亚印刷早于欧洲，但当前来源不支持直接技术传递；不以更早出现自动计入归功预算。

Full attribution budget

Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.

  • 0.35Johannes GutenbergOriginal Chinese · 约翰内斯·古腾堡Subject
  • 0.15Johann Fust (Bible-workshop financier and collaborator)Original Chinese · Johann Fust（圣经作坊出资人与合作者）Collaborator
  • 0.1Peter Schöffer (workshop collaborator and later printer)Original Chinese · Peter Schöffer（作坊合作者与后续印刷商）Collaborator
  • 0.2Workshop personnel for type casting, composition, ink, presswork, and bindingOriginal Chinese · 活字铸造、排版、油墨、压印与装订作坊人员Team
  • 0.15European prehistory of woodblock printing, metalwork, presses, and inkOriginal Chinese · 欧洲木版、金工、压力机与油墨前史Predecessor pool
  • 0.05Unallocated background contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未分配的背景贡献Unallocated

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BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED

Not included in this score

These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.

East Asian printing traditions

东亚印刷技术传统

Reason Printing and movable-type practices in China, Korea, and elsewhere predated Gutenberg. This research addresses only his integration of techniques and workshop delivery in Europe; it does not attribute those earlier histories to him as individual achievements.

Original Chinese reason

中国、朝鲜等地的印刷与活字实践早于古腾堡；本研究只讨论其在欧洲的工艺整合与作坊交付，不将这些前史归入个人成果。

Source links

Complete printing catalogue after the Bible project

圣经项目后的完整印刷目录

Reason Existing records support only that he continued on a smaller scale after losing the Bible-printing workshop and printed a small number of indulgences. The evidence is insufficient to reconstruct a complete late catalogue, so no separate outcome is listed.

Original Chinese reason

现有记录只支持其失去圣经印刷作坊后以较小规模继续经营及少量赎罪券印刷，证据不足以重建完整晚期目录，因而未另列成果项。

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How to read this score

Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.

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