RANKINGS · STARLIGHT

Starlight Rankings

People are ranked by civilizational contribution. Open a profile to see the evaluated contributions and evidence behind its score. Rankings use unrounded total light; displayed scores are rounded to two decimals.

Evidence and scores can change when new information is reviewed. Each profile identifies its included contributions, shared credit, sources, and evidence gaps. These records do not claim to cover an entire career.

Discover contributions through people

Explore their representative work, lives, and influence, then see the basis for each score.

EStar T7

Albert Einstein

Established special and general relativity, explained the photoelectric effect with light quanta, and revealed mass–energy equivalence.

Provisional 7.72

EStar T7

Isaac Newton

Unified terrestrial mechanics and celestial motion in the Principia, and established the composite nature of white light through the prism experiments presented in Opticks.

Provisional 7.61

EPlanet T6

Charles Robert Darwin

Systematically explained biological evolution through natural selection and common descent, organizing diverse evidence into a testable research program.

Provisional 6.25

EPlanet T6

Marie Curie

Pioneered radioactivity research, discovered polonium and radium, and advanced radiological measurement and mobile X-ray use.

6.08

EPlanet T6

James Clerk Maxwell

Unified electricity, magnetism, and light as electromagnetic field dynamics, with foundational work in kinetic theory, colour vision, and Saturn’s rings.

6.98

EPlanet T6

Alan Mathison Turing

Defined abstract computation and undecidability, opened paths in machine intelligence and reaction–diffusion research, and made a decisive team contribution to naval Enigma analysis.

Provisional 6.94

Louis Pasteur

Connected molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and microbe research to germ theory and vaccines, advancing attenuation and heat preservation.

Scoring in progressChinese profile →

Edward Jenner

Turned observed cowpox protection into documented inoculation–challenge experiments, case series, and a public monograph, opening the first successful vaccine pathway.

Scoring in progressChinese profile →

Gregor Mendel

Used pea crosses, counting, and generational comparisons to reveal quantitative laws of inheritance, segregation, and combination.

Scoring in progressChinese profile →

ENova T5

Nikola Tesla

A key contributor to polyphase AC induction motors and AC power engineering.

Provisional 5.55

Editorial selection is not a separate ranking. Profiles without a score remain under review.

Starlight Rankings · 210 people

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Filters use the same catalogue domains and era groups as the Chinese rankings. Rank numbers remain positions in the full list; filtering does not change scores or create a separate ranking.

210 people

Overall rank	Person	Score	Evaluated contributions	Details
1	Leonhard Euler	8.00	30	Score details →
2	Bernhard Riemann	7.74	32	Score details →
3	Albert Einstein	7.72	28	Score details →1 provisional item
4	Isaac Newton	7.61	12	Score details →2 provisional items
5	Claude Elwood Shannon	7.55	62	Score details →5 provisional items
6	John von Neumann	7.33	26	Score details →22 provisional items
7	Paul Dirac	7.30	10	Score details →7 provisional items
8	Werner Heisenberg	7.27	15	Score details →
9	Ernest Rutherford	7.27	16	Score details →
10	Niels Bohr	7.24	11	Score details →
11	Carl Friedrich Gauß	7.23	26	Score details →
12	Enrico Fermi	7.21	7	Score details →6 provisional items
13	Aristotle	7.20	9	Score details →9 provisional items
14	John Nash	7.17	5	Score details →5 provisional items
15	Emmy Noether	7.12	4	Score details →4 provisional items
16	Johann Sebastian Bach	6.99	7	Score details →7 provisional items
17	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	6.98	8	Score details →8 provisional items
18	James Clerk Maxwell	6.98	76	Score details →
19	Shafi Goldwasser	6.96	7	Score details →7 provisional items
20	Alan Mathison Turing	6.94	19	Score details →1 provisional item
21	Kenneth Arrow	6.90	9	Score details →9 provisional items
22	Ludwig van Beethoven	6.90	6	Score details →6 provisional items
23	John Stuart Mill	6.83	7	Score details →7 provisional items
24	E. O. Wilson	6.81	6	Score details →6 provisional items
25	Michael Faraday	6.76	18	Score details →
26	Johannes Kepler	6.74	13	Score details →7 provisional items
27	Amos Tversky	6.69	5	Score details →5 provisional items
28	Plato	6.69	5	Score details →5 provisional items
29	Rudolf Clausius	6.67	13	Score details →
30	Daniel Kahneman	6.65	6	Score details →6 provisional items
31	Edgar Degas	6.60	6	Score details →6 provisional items
32	Nicolaus Copernicus	6.59	9	Score details →3 provisional items
33	David Hilbert	6.59	9	Score details →9 provisional items
34	Igor Stravinsky	6.58	7	Score details →7 provisional items
35	Syukuro Manabe	6.54	5	Score details →5 provisional items
36	William Shakespeare	6.53	4	Score details →4 provisional items
37	Confucius	6.51	2	Score details →2 provisional items
38	Max Planck	6.48	3	Score details →3 provisional items
39	Henry James	6.44	4	Score details →4 provisional items
40	Edsger W. Dijkstra	6.42	5	Score details →5 provisional items
41	René Magritte	6.39	4	Score details →4 provisional items
42	John Bardeen	6.36	5	Score details →5 provisional items
43	Henry David Thoreau	6.36	4	Score details →4 provisional items
44	Hilary Putnam	6.35	6	Score details →6 provisional items
45	Friedrich Schiller	6.33	4	Score details →4 provisional items
46	Jacob Grimm	6.32	6	Score details →6 provisional items
47	Pieter Bruegel the Elder	6.32	3	Score details →3 provisional items
48	Zhu Xi	6.31	6	Score details →6 provisional items
49	Ivan Bunin	6.30	5	Score details →5 provisional items
50	Daniel Dennett	6.30	5	Score details →5 provisional items
51	Alessandro Volta	6.27	3	Score details →3 provisional items
52	Thomas Edison	6.27	12	Score details →12 provisional items
53	Roy Harrod	6.27	4	Score details →4 provisional items
54	Charles Robert Darwin	6.25	1	Score details →1 provisional item
55	Alonzo Church	6.24	14	Score details →11 provisional items
56	Pierre Curie	6.22	11	Score details →
57	Du Fu	6.21	4	Score details →4 provisional items
58	Ludwig Prandtl	6.19	3	Score details →3 provisional items
59	Leonardo da Vinci	6.17	4	Score details →4 provisional items
60	Martin Luther King Jr.	6.16	6	Score details →6 provisional items
61	Lin Fengmian	6.14	3	Score details →3 provisional items
62	Galileo Galilei	6.14	25	Score details →11 provisional items
63	Konstantin Tsiolkovsky	6.14	4	Score details →4 provisional items
64	Kiyoo Mogi	6.12	4	Score details →4 provisional items
65	Florence Nightingale	6.10	4	Score details →4 provisional items
66	Socrates	6.09	1	Score details →1 provisional item
67	Marie Curie	6.08	11	Score details →
68	Molière	6.07	3	Score details →3 provisional items
69	Astrid Lindgren	6.07	5	Score details →5 provisional items
70	Élisée Reclus	6.07	4	Score details →4 provisional items
71	Euclid	6.06	1	Score details →1 provisional item
72	Bing Xin	6.05	4	Score details →4 provisional items
73	Zaha Hadid	6.04	5	Score details →5 provisional items
74	Gustav Mahler	6.01	4	Score details →4 provisional items
75	Alfred Russel Wallace	6.01	1	Score details →1 provisional item
76	Sergei Korolev	6.00	6	Score details →6 provisional items
77	Eugenius Warming	5.99	4	Score details →4 provisional items
78	Norman Angell	5.97	3	Score details →3 provisional items
79	Alexander von Humboldt	5.96	5	Score details →4 provisional items
80	Mario Molina	5.96	4	Score details →4 provisional items
81	Kenzaburo Oe	5.94	4	Score details →4 provisional items
82	Adam Smith	5.91	3	Score details →3 provisional items
83	Quentin Tarantino	5.91	4	Score details →4 provisional items
84	Max Weber	5.90	4	Score details →4 provisional items
85	Antoine Lavoisier	5.89	1	Score details →1 provisional item
86	Madhav Gadgil	5.89	5	Score details →5 provisional items
87	Kuki Shuzo	5.88	4	Score details →4 provisional items
88	Edith Abbott	5.87	5	Score details →5 provisional items
89	Karl Marx	5.86	4	Score details →4 provisional items
90	Mencius	5.85	2	Score details →2 provisional items
91	Pier Luigi Nervi	5.85	5	Score details →5 provisional items
92	Mariama Bâ	5.84	2	Score details →2 provisional items
93	Kumārajīva	5.84	3	Score details →3 provisional items
94	Murasaki Shikibu	5.83	1	Score details →1 provisional item
95	Edwin H. Land	5.83	3	Score details →3 provisional items
96	William Temple	5.81	5	Score details →5 provisional items
97	Mahatma Gandhi	5.79	5	Score details →5 provisional items
98	Jacques-Yves Cousteau	5.79	4	Score details →4 provisional items
99	Steve Jobs	5.77	6	Score details →6 provisional items
100	John Boyd Orr	5.76	5	Score details →5 provisional items
101	Winston Churchill	5.75	2	Score details →2 provisional items
102	Christopher Wren	5.75	4	Score details →4 provisional items
103	Viv Richards	5.74	2	Score details →2 provisional items
104	Giambattista della Porta	5.71	4	Score details →4 provisional items
105	Zhang Zeduan	5.71	1	Score details →1 provisional item
106	Tang Xianzu	5.69	2	Score details →2 provisional items
107	Paul Tillich	5.68	3	Score details →3 provisional items
108	James Watt	5.68	6	Score details →5 provisional items
109	Rachel Carson	5.60	1	Score details →1 provisional item
110	Johannes Gutenberg	5.59	1	Score details →1 provisional item
111	Virginia Avenel Henderson	5.57	3	Score details →3 provisional items
112	A. R. Rahman	5.57	3	Score details →3 provisional items
113	Nikola Tesla	5.55	3	Score details →3 provisional items
114	Ramanuja	5.55	1	Score details →1 provisional item
115	John Flamsteed	5.53	2	Score details →2 provisional items
116	R.J. Mitchell	5.52	4	Score details →4 provisional items
117	Tung-Yen Lin	5.52	3	Score details →3 provisional items
118	Julius Robert von Mayer	5.52	2	Score details →1 provisional item
119	James Madison	5.51	3	Score details →3 provisional items
120	Elon Musk	5.46	5	Score details →5 provisional items
121	David Relman	5.45	3	Score details →3 provisional items
122	Amar Bose	5.44	5	Score details →5 provisional items
123	Ulysses S. Grant	5.43	2	Score details →2 provisional items
124	Hicham El Guerrouj	5.39	1	Score details →1 provisional item
125	Reginald Victor Jones	5.37	3	Score details →3 provisional items
126	Norman Borlaug	5.36	1	Score details →1 provisional item
127	Susan B. Anthony	5.35	5	Score details →5 provisional items
128	José Goldemberg	5.35	3	Score details →3 provisional items
129	Mark Rothko	5.35	4	Score details →4 provisional items
130	Ernst Stuhlinger	5.34	2	Score details →2 provisional items
131	Montesquieu	5.32	3	Score details →3 provisional items
132	Homer LeRoy Shantz	5.32	3	Score details →3 provisional items
133	Frank Whittle	5.32	3	Score details →3 provisional items
134	Guru Nanak	5.31	2	Score details →2 provisional items
135	Jeff Bezos	5.31	5	Score details →5 provisional items
136	Henry Bessemer	5.30	3	Score details →3 provisional items
137	Elwood Haynes	5.29	3	Score details →3 provisional items
138	Richard Halliburton	5.29	2	Score details →2 provisional items
139	Asaṅga	5.28	3	Score details →3 provisional items
140	Grace Hopper	5.27	5	Score details →5 provisional items
141	Frank Gray	5.26	2	Score details →2 provisional items
142	Édouard Belin	5.25	3	Score details →3 provisional items
143	Wernher von Braun	5.23	3	Score details →3 provisional items
144	Charles K. Kao	5.23	2	Score details →2 provisional items
145	John Dewey	5.22	2	Score details →2 provisional items
146	Daisy Bates	5.18	3	Score details →3 provisional items
147	Steve Crocker	5.18	2	Score details →2 provisional items
148	Theo van Boven	5.14	2	Score details →2 provisional items
149	Henry Ford	5.13	3	Score details →3 provisional items
150	Thomas Chalmers	5.13	5	Score details →5 provisional items
151	Nawal El Moutawakel	5.09	1	Score details →1 provisional item
152	Robert Slavin	5.09	3	Score details →
153	Domitila Barrios de Chungara	5.08	2	Score details →2 provisional items
154	Mamiya Rinzō	5.08	2	Score details →2 provisional items
155	Vasily Robertovich Williams	5.08	3	Score details →3 provisional items
156	Steve Biko	5.08	2	Score details →2 provisional items
157	Margaret Court	5.06	2	Score details →2 provisional items
158	Muthulakshmi Reddy	5.05	3	Score details →3 provisional items
159	Ralph Bunche	5.05	2	Score details →2 provisional items
160	D. A. Henderson	5.02	2	Score details →2 provisional items
161	Ramón Verea	5.00	2	Score details →2 provisional items
162	John Hattie	4.98	3	Score details →
163	George Stephenson	4.97	4	Score details →4 provisional items
164	Pei Xiu	4.94	2	Score details →2 provisional items
165	Frédéric Passy	4.93	3	Score details →3 provisional items
166	Nelson Mandela	4.92	2	Score details →2 provisional items
167	Grace Hoadley Dodge	4.91	3	Score details →3 provisional items
168	William Lloyd Garrison	4.90	4	Score details →4 provisional items
169	Morris Chang	4.89	5	Score details →5 provisional items
170	Horace Mann	4.87	3	Score details →3 provisional items
171	Stephen Girard	4.84	2	Score details →2 provisional items
172	Mostafa Kamal Tolba	4.82	4	Score details →4 provisional items
173	Zinedine Zidane	4.81	3	Score details →3 provisional items
174	Maria Montessori	4.81	1	Score details →1 provisional item
175	Archibald McIndoe	4.80	2	Score details →2 provisional items
176	Zeng Guofan	4.80	2	Score details →2 provisional items
177	Su Bingtian	4.74	2	Score details →2 provisional items
178	Amina J. Mohammed	4.73	3	Score details →3 provisional items
179	Cai Lun	4.71	1	Score details →1 provisional item
180	Valery Legasov	4.67	2	Score details →2 provisional items
181	G. Edward Pendray	4.66	3	Score details →3 provisional items
182	Anatoly Karpov	4.64	2	Score details →2 provisional items
183	Harish Hande	4.61	2	Score details →2 provisional items
184	Otto von Bismarck	4.61	1	Score details →1 provisional item
185	Leonardo Chiariglione	4.60	2	Score details →2 provisional items
186	Erna Schneider Hoover	4.59	1	Score details →1 provisional item
187	Lincoln Ellsworth	4.54	3	Score details →3 provisional items
188	Mahavira	4.51	2	Score details →2 provisional items
189	Arthur J. Altmeyer	4.49	2	Score details →2 provisional items
190	Manny Pacquiao	4.49	1	Score details →1 provisional item
191	Hyman G. Rickover	4.46	1	Score details →1 provisional item
192	William Kelly	4.43	1	Score details →1 provisional item
193	Werner Zorn	4.42	3	Score details →3 provisional items
194	Razan Zaitouneh	4.40	1	Score details →1 provisional item
195	Eileen Collins	4.39	3	Score details →3 provisional items
196	Demi Getschko	4.36	2	Score details →2 provisional items
197	Ramakrishna Paramahamsa	4.30	1	Score details →1 provisional item
198	Cleisthenes	4.26	1	Score details →1 provisional item
199	Song Yun	4.25	2	Score details →2 provisional items
200	Tun Abdul Razak	4.25	2	Score details →2 provisional items
201	Mary Lyon	4.18	2	Score details →
202	Alexander Burnes	4.06	1	Score details →1 provisional item
203	Kerim Kerimov	4.06	1	Score details →1 provisional item
204	Wang Xuance	3.99	2	Score details →2 provisional items
205	Bob Mumgaard	3.67	2	Score details →2 provisional items
206	Manuel Pulgar-Vidal	3.67	1	Score details →1 provisional item
207	Auguste Beernaert	3.62	1	Score details →1 provisional item
208	Ada Lovelace	3.52	1	Score details →1 provisional item
209	Hammurabi	3.29	2	Score details →2 provisional items
210	Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah	3.02	1	Score details →1 provisional item

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The rankings record contributions already delivered; the Compass identifies gaps still to solve. Verifiable progress can enter independent assessment. Addressing a gap does not automatically earn a place in the rankings.

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