Mahatma Gandhi

Record year1929–1931

summaryCombines the salt tax as a comprehensible institutional target, openly announced lawbreaking, a disciplined long-distance march, and negotiating pressure into an observable completed mass-action contribution, extended through organizational networks.

M rationaleM6.1 is assigned on the basis of literature-anchored action design, mass participation, and the negotiation chain. Colonial repression, the movement's not always being nonviolent, risks to participants, and the limits of individual-centered attribution are all included in that scale; independent results or moral prestige do not increase it.

attribution rationaleGandhi .24, INC/CWC .17, local organizational participants .25, named direct leadership group .08, antecedents .12, institutional vehicles .04, unresolved .10.

overlap boundaryThis covers the 1929–1931 INC resolutions, Gandhi's salt-law action plan and letter to the Viceroy, the 1930 march and its mass expansion, and the action-method chain through the Gandhi–Irwin negotiations; it does not claim Indian independence, all non-cooperation movements, all participants' sacrifices, the South African route, or later nonviolent movements.

Evidence gapsRegional actions, harm to participants, and boycott-enforcement methods have not been checked through a full sample; the relative contributions of particular negotiation texts and short-term effects of agreements have not yet been established item by item.

Record year1894–1914

summaryCombines sustained community organization, public materials, disciplined non-cooperation, and acceptance of punishment into a nameable, communicable method of action.

M rationaleAn autobiography, the South African National Archives index, and the Gandhi Heritage timeline support the NIC, publication and settlement, and the 1906–14 action chain; M5.8 is assigned. The primarily Indian community served, early racial positions, and limitations of internal power arrangements all limit M; it does not retroactively claim all South African anti-racism or later influence.

attribution rationaleGandhi .25, community organizers and resisters .29, Maganlal and the dissemination team .07, antecedents .16, institutions .07, unresolved .16.

overlap boundaryThis covers the 1894 founding and public explanation of the Natal Indian Congress, organizational and dissemination inputs from the 1903 'Indian Opinion' and 1904 Phoenix, the formation of satyagraha through anti-registration and other action from 1906–1914, and the Indian Relief Act phase; war ambulance corps, all South African anti-colonial history, African political representation, and later Indian movements are excluded.

Evidence gapsThe 1907–14 phases of action, the roles of women, laborers, and merchants, and negotiation clauses have not yet been established item by item. Racial expressions concerning Africans require symmetrical checking against the original text.

Record year1920–1922

summaryCombines the return of honors, withdrawal from institutions, boycotts, educational organization, and preparation for tax and civil disobedience into a nationwide cross-organizational action, with a public decision to stop at the boundary of violence.

M rationaleThe Gandhi Heritage timeline supports the 1920 launch, educational institutions, the Congress role, Bardoli preparation, Chauri Chaura violence, and arrests in 1922; M5.8 is assigned. Mixed action, voluntariness, economic costs, and violence all limit the net increment.

attribution rationaleGandhi .18, Congress .22, Khilafat and local organizations .25, direct-action labor .12, antecedents .10, unresolved .13.

overlap boundaryThe 1919 opposition to the Rowlatt legislation and Congress investigation are antecedents; the Non-Cooperation Movement is treated as a completed action contribution from its 1920 launch to its stop and arrests after Chauri Chaura in 1922. It does not claim the Salt March, Quit India, Indian independence, or all local resistance.

Evidence gapsLocal coercion, action damage, Khilafat partnership, and shared responsibility for the suspension decision still require regional archives.

Record year1946–1948

summaryCombines public marches, specific demands for minority safety, personal fasts, and cross-community written and public commitments into visible mediation services amid large-scale communal violence.

M rationaleGovernment timelines and Gandhi's collected works support the marches, appeals for peace, fasts, and representatives' commitments; M5.3 is assigned. Causality cannot be assigned to one person, the fasts involved moral pressure, and the commitments' durability is unknown, so only bounded mediation services are counted, without claiming overall peace.

attribution rationaleGandhi .20, community and party representatives .27, local peace and relief .20, organizational institutions .10, antecedents .09, unresolved .14.

overlap boundaryThis covers action in violent areas including Noakhali and Bihar in 1946, the Calcutta peace commitments of 1947, and the Delhi fasts and commitments by communities and parties in 1948; it does not claim credit for partition decisions, an end to all violence, national transformation, or lasting peace.

Evidence gapsLocal commitment texts, representatives' autonomy, changes in violence, and long-term implementation have not yet been established.

Record year1925–1941

summaryTurns symbolic self-reliance into a nationwide organization, objects of training and production, and explicit Constructive Programme texts.

M rationaleThe government Gandhi Smriti page and Heritage timeline confirm the Khadi and village-industry framework, the association of 1925, and the text of 1941. M5.2 is assigned for the organizational and textual contribution; lacking evidence of output and livelihood improvement is not a value discount, but limits this item to claiming the framework rather than macro outcomes.

attribution rationaleGandhi .22, organizational institutions .20, production and local execution .25, antecedents .15, textual and training delivery .05, unresolved .13.

overlap boundaryThis covers the organizational and textual framework for Khadi and other village industries listed in the 1925 All-India Spinners' Association and the 1941 'Constructive Programme'; only the verifiable framework and organizational vehicle are counted, not output, income, post-independence policy, or all rural development.

Evidence gapsWorkshops and courses, output, labor conditions, women's roles, and specific livelihood outcomes have not yet been established.