Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Socrates
Recorded name: 苏格拉底
Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher known for public dialogue and for questioning knowledge, virtue, and ways of life.
Original Chinese introduction
苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，以公共对话和对知识、德性与生活方式的追问著称。
Socrates left no writings of his own. Plato, Xenophon, and other ancient authors preserve different accounts of his dialogues, trial, and life. These works require a distinction between the historical person's practice, the authors' arguments, and literary shaping; this remains an evidentiary problem in understanding his contribution.
Original Chinese context
苏格拉底没有留下自著。柏拉图、色诺芬与其他古代作者保存了关于他的对话、受审和生活的不同叙述。阅读这些作品时，需要区分历史人物的实践、作者的论证与文学塑造；这也是理解其贡献时持续存在的史料问题。
Introduction sources
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy：Socrates ↗
- Perseus：Xenophon Apology ↗
- Perseus Catalog: Plato, Apology ↗Original Chinese label · Perseus目录：Plato Apology
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
1 included contribution has incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 1 outcome within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列1项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
1 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01A Framework for Testing Reasons in Early Socratic Ethical Dialogue早期苏格拉底伦理问答中的理由检验框架OUT-SL0080-SOCRATIC-ETHICAL-DIALOGUE-INDIRECT-INQUIRY · Transmitted Materials from the 5th–4th Centuries BCE | 7.0 | 35% | 1106.447181 | 6.09 | 100.0000% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01A Framework for Testing Reasons in Early Socratic Ethical Dialogue早期苏格拉底伦理问答中的理由检验框架OUT-SL0080-SOCRATIC-ETHICAL-DIALOGUE-INDIRECT-INQUIRY
Record yearTransmitted Materials from the 5th–4th Centuries BCE
Original Chinese · record year
公元前5—4世纪传世材料
summaryIt places ethical questions about how to live, virtue, and care of the soul within publicly examinable reasons, definitions, counterexamples, and consistency tests; Socrates' historical practice and the authored texts of Plato and Xenophon together form a form through which the inquiry can be repeated.
Original Chinese · summary
把如何生活、德性与灵魂照料等伦理内容置于可公开追问的理由、定义、反例和一致性检验中；苏格拉底的历史实践与柏拉图、色诺芬的作者性文本共同形成可复演载体。
M rationaleM7 is retained: requests for definitions concerning life and virtue, questioning of reasons, counterexamples, refutation, consistency testing, and acknowledgment of ignorance form an ethical framework reusable across questions and generations. Uncertainty at the authorial layer is not deducted again from M; Plato's middle and late theories, the dialogue form's independent literary value, and all subsequent philosophy are not included.
Original Chinese · M rationale
保留M7：围绕生活与德性的定义请求、理由追问、反例、反驳、一致性检验和承认无知，形成跨问题、跨代复用的伦理检验框架。作者层不确定性不再次扣M；不包含柏拉图中晚期理论、对话体独立文学价值或后世全部哲学。
attribution rationaleReassessed for the same outcome: Socrates' ethical questioning and core in-person tests receive .35; Plato receives .25 only for substantively added propositions, counterexamples, and argument structures in the early material, rather than a share for being the principal textual author; Xenophon's substantive reconstruction receives .07, interlocutors .05, other authors .03, earlier inputs to argumentation .10, and unresolved responsibility .15. The boundary between authorship and the historical core remains disputed; these are working estimates, not measurements from historical sources.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
按同一形成对象重新判断：苏格拉底的伦理追问与现场核心检验取.35；柏拉图仅领早期材料中实质新增的命题/反例/论证构形.25，不按文本主笔身份分份；色诺芬实质重构.07，交谈者.05，其他作者.03，论辩前史输入.10，未解析.15。作者与历史核心的边界仍有争议；这些是工作点而非史料测量。
overlap boundaryOne framework receives one Q; question-and-answer, counterexamples, and acknowledgment of ignorance are not split into separate equal-M items. Plato's middle and late epistemology, metaphysics, and political designs belong to his other existing outcomes; mere written preservation and the dialogue form's independent literary value are excluded, and this item is not allocated to historical practice a second time.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
一个框架一份Q；问答、反例、承认无知不另拆等M。柏拉图中晚期知识论、形而上学及政治设计归其已有其他成果，纯写录保存及对话的独立文学价值排除；不另把本项再发给历史实践一次。
Evidence gapsThe propositions of the historical Socrates, Plato, and Xenophon still need to be distinguished dialogue by dialogue; documented instances from different periods do not demonstrate uninterrupted transmission or net effects that hold generally. This round defines the boundary between the historical framework and creative additions, but it has not resolved the Socratic problem dialogue by dialogue; relative shares are research estimates.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
仍需逐篇区分历史苏格拉底、柏拉图和色诺芬的命题；跨期节点不证明无断裂传承或普遍净效果。 本轮明确定义历史框架与创作性新增的边界，尚未逐对话解决苏格拉底问题；相对份额是研究估计。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- .35SocratesOriginal Chinese · 苏格拉底Person
- .25PlatoOriginal Chinese · 柏拉图Person
- .07XenophonOriginal Chinese · 色诺芬Person
- .05Substantive interlocutors who prompted revisions to the argumentOriginal Chinese · 促成论证修订的实质交谈者Team
- .03Substantive content formation by other early authorsOriginal Chinese · 其他早期作者的实质内容形成Team
- .10Early argumentative-structure inputs incorporated into the method of testing reasonsOriginal Chinese · 进入理由检验方法的早期论辩结构输入Predecessor pool
- .15Unresolved responsibility between historical practice and authorial additionsOriginal Chinese · 历史实践与作者新增未解析责任Unallocated
Source links
- Xenophon, Memorabilia, Book IV ↗Original Chinese label · 色诺芬《回忆苏格拉底》卷四
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Socrates ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科：苏格拉底
- Lead review: SEP Socrates §§1 and 2.1 ↗Original Chinese label · 主控补读SEP Socrates §1/§2.1 · Reviewed on 2026-09-15, lines 55–77 and 92–118; constrains only the presentation of formation and authorship, and does not support precise proportions.Original Chinese note · 2026-09-15核读行55–77、92–118；仅约束形成与作者性呈现，不支持精确比例。
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Independent oral questioning practices beyond the shared Plato outcome
超出Plato联合成果的独立口头质询实践
Reason Current SEP evidence supports oral practice and the difficulty of historical attribution, but does not show an independent terminal outcome beyond the scope already counted in OUT-SL0080-SOCRATIC...; M is not duplicated.
Original Chinese reason
现SEP证据支持口头实践和历史归属困难，但未显示超出OUT-SL0080-SOCRATIC...已计范围的独立终态；不重复M。
Trial, defense, and execution in 399 BCE
前399年审判、辩护与处决
Reason The surviving defense texts are works by Plato and Xenophon, not trial records; death or martyrdom does not constitute a separate positive outcome.
Original Chinese reason
传世辩护文本属Plato/Xenophon创作而非庭审记录；死亡或殉道不另成正成果。
Specific propositions concerning knowledge, virtue, the soul, and politics
知识、德性、灵魂与政治等具体命题
Reason The historical Socrates must be distinguished from authorial shaping proposition by proposition; being a dialogue character does not grant him positive credit for Plato's middle and late doctrines.
Original Chinese reason
须逐一分辨历史Socrates与作者塑造；不得因其是对话人物就给Plato中晚期学说正份额。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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