Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Norman Angell
Recorded name: 诺曼·安吉尔
Norman Angell was a British author whose work examined the economic costs of war, nationalism, and international order.
Original Chinese introduction
诺曼·安吉尔是英国作家，长期讨论战争的经济代价、民族主义与国际秩序。
Angell discussed the relationship between conquest and economic gain in 'The Great Illusion' and its revisions. He also attempted to explain monetary issues using games and discussed collective security and sovereignty in his works from the interwar to postwar periods. His arguments must be read alongside the war experiences and policy propositions of each period and cannot be simplified to 'war will not happen'.
Original Chinese context
安吉尔在《大幻觉》及其修订中讨论征服与经济收益之间的关系。他也尝试用游戏解释货币问题，并在战间至战后著作中讨论集体安全与主权。他的论证需要与各时期战争经验及政策主张一同阅读，不能简化为“战争不会发生”。
Introduction sources
- Nobel biographical data and bibliography ↗Original Chinese label · 诺贝尔人物资料与书目
- Nobel 1933 nomination file ↗Original Chinese label · 诺贝尔1933提名档案
- Nobel lecture main text ↗Original Chinese label · 诺贝尔演讲正文
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01*The Great Illusion* and the evolution of war economy arguments from 1909 to 1938《The Great Illusion》及1909–1938战争经济论证演进OUT-SL1164-1909-1910-GREAT-ILLUSION-WAR-ECONOMIC-ARGUMENT · 1909–1938 | 5.8 | 56% | 444.263811 | 5.30 | 45.8268% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Interwar and postwar works on nationalism, collective security, and sovereignty constraints民族主义、集体安全与主权限制的战间—战后著作OUT-SL1164-1932-1947-NATIONALISM-COLLECTIVE-SECURITY-WRITINGS · 1932–1947 | 5.5 | 57% | 319.964555 | 5.01 | 33.0051% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Monetary economy educational tool from 'The Money Game'《The Money Game》的货币经济教育工具OUT-SL1164-1928-MONEY-GAME-ECONOMIC-EDUCATION · 1928 | 5.1 | 58% | 205.211766 | 4.63 | 21.1681% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01*The Great Illusion* and the evolution of war economy arguments from 1909 to 1938《The Great Illusion》及1909–1938战争经济论证演进OUT-SL1164-1909-1910-GREAT-ILLUSION-WAR-ECONOMIC-ARGUMENT
Record year1909–1938
summaryProposed an interdependence argument that war conquest does not automatically translate into a net national economic gain, and revised and applied it in post-war and 1930s versions.
Original Chinese · summary
提出战争征服不自动转化为国家净经济收益的相互依赖论证，并在战后和1930年代版本中修订、应用。
M rationaleThe original book, postwar testing, and multiple revisions over thirty years form a continuous family of theoretical texts, estimated at M5.8; the number of versions does not mechanically increase M, and empirical counterexamples to the proposition and imperial limits enter the assessment.
Original Chinese · M rationale
跨三十年的原书、战后检验和多次修订构成持续理论文本族，估M5.8；版本数量不机械增M，命题的经验反例和帝国边界进入评估。
attribution rationaleNorman Angell .56; editing, translation, and publication chain of the original book .10; earlier writings on war economics, interdependence, and peace .22; contemporary peace and internationalism discussion network .04; unresolved share .08. Shares are revisable research judgments.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
诺曼·安吉尔 .56；原书编辑、翻译与出版链 .10；战争经济、相互依赖与和平写作前史 .22；同期和平与国际主义讨论网络 .04；未解析份额 .08。份额为可修订研究判断。
overlap boundaryMerges the 1909 *Europe's Optical Illusion*, 1910 *The Great Illusion*, 1921 *The Fruits of Victory*, and the 1933/1938 revisions into the same war economy argument evolution family; does not replicate M by version, nor exaggerate that war will not happen or that no one gains locally.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
合并1909《Europe’s Optical Illusion》、1910《The Great Illusion》、1921《The Fruits of Victory》及1933/1938修订为同一战争经济论证演进族；不按版本复制M，也不夸成战争不会发生或无人局部获利。
Evidence gapsThe original books in each edition and the history of criticism have not been read in full; specific revisions between editions and responses to First World War experience have not been established chapter by chapter.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
未通读各版原书与批评史；版本间具体修订和一战经验回应未逐章闭合
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- .56Norman AngellOriginal Chinese · 诺曼·安吉尔Person
- .10Original book editing, translation, and publication chainOriginal Chinese · 原书编辑、翻译与出版链Team
- .22Earlier writings on war economics, interdependence, and peaceOriginal Chinese · 战争经济、相互依赖与和平写作前史Predecessor pool
- .04Contemporary peace and internationalism discussion networksOriginal Chinese · 同期和平与国际主义讨论网络Team
- .08Unresolved shareOriginal Chinese · 未解析份额Unallocated
Source links
- Original works, work records, and research ↗Original Chinese label · 原典、作品记录与研究
- Original works, work records, and research ↗Original Chinese label · 原典、作品记录与研究
02Interwar and postwar works on nationalism, collective security, and sovereignty constraints民族主义、集体安全与主权限制的战间—战后著作OUT-SL1164-1932-1947-NATIONALISM-COLLECTIVE-SECURITY-WRITINGS
Record year1932–1947
summaryOrganizes nationalism/imperial psychology, collective security, the internationalization of civil aviation, and constraints on sovereignty into a comparable set of institutional arguments.
Original Chinese · summary
把民族主义/帝国心理、集体安全、民航国际化和主权约束组织为可比较的制度论证组。
M rationaleThese works go beyond the single proposition that war yields no net economic gain, forming a residual body of institutional and political-psychological analysis, jointly estimated at M5.5; M cannot be duplicated item by item by book title.
Original Chinese · M rationale
这些著作超出单一“战争无经济净利”命题，形成制度与政治心理分析残余，合并估M5.5；不能按书名逐项复制M。
attribution rationaleNorman Angell .57; original book editing and publication team .10; earlier internationalist, collective-security, and sovereignty theory .23; unresolved share .10. Shares are revisable research judgments.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
诺曼·安吉尔 .57；原著编辑与出版团队 .10；国际主义、集体安全与主权理论前史 .23；未解析份额 .10。份额为可修订研究判断。
overlap boundaryConsolidates texts on nationalism, collective security, the internationalization of civil aviation, and constraints on sovereignty, including the 1932 *The Unseen Assassins*, 1934 *The Menace to Our National Defence*, 1938 *Peace with the Dictators?*, and 1947 *The Steep Places*; organizational positions and actual policy outcomes are not included.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
合并1932《The Unseen Assassins》、1934《The Menace to Our National Defence》、1938《Peace with the Dictators?》和1947《The Steep Places》等民族主义、集体安全、民航国际化与主权限制文本；不把组织职位或实际政策结果并入。
Evidence gapsThe full texts of the books and their policy consequences have not been read; the direct normative boundaries of the 1934 aerial collective defense and the 1938 policy toward dictators require chapter-by-chapter review.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
未通读各书正文与政策后果；1934空中集体防卫和1938对独裁者政策的直接规范边界需逐章审
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- .57Norman AngellOriginal Chinese · 诺曼·安吉尔Person
- .10Original editorial and publishing teamOriginal Chinese · 原著编辑与出版团队Team
- .23Earlier internationalist, collective-security, and sovereignty theoryOriginal Chinese · 国际主义、集体安全与主权理论前史Predecessor pool
- .10Unresolved shareOriginal Chinese · 未解析份额Unallocated
Source links
- Original works, work records, and research ↗Original Chinese label · 原典、作品记录与研究
- Original works, work records, and research ↗Original Chinese label · 原典、作品记录与研究
03Monetary economy educational tool from 'The Money Game'《The Money Game》的货币经济教育工具OUT-SL1164-1928-MONEY-GAME-ECONOMIC-EDUCATION
Record year1928
summaryTransforms monetary and economic-warfare issues into a workable, visualized educational game and explanatory text.
Original Chinese · summary
把货币和经济战争问题转化为一套可操作的视觉化教学游戏与说明文本。
M rationaleThe book and game constitute an educational tool distinct from general anti-war arguments, estimated at M5.1; Nobel materials only outline the design, and the rules and learning effects still await the original materials.
Original Chinese · M rationale
书与游戏构成区别于一般反战论证的教育工具终态，估M5.1；Nobel资料只概述设计，规则和学习效果仍待原件。
attribution rationaleNorman Angell .58; original book editorial, design, and publishing team .10; earlier work on monetary economics, critiques of mercantilism, and educational games .22; unresolved share .10. Shares are revisable research judgments.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
诺曼·安吉尔 .58；原书编辑、设计与出版团队 .10；货币经济、重商主义批评与教育游戏前史 .22；未解析份额 .10。份额为可修订研究判断。
overlap boundaryCounts only the 1928 book and its independent educational vehicle that uses a card game to make monetary issues visible; it does not claim again all of the book’s war-economy propositions from the *Great Illusion* family.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
只计1928书及其用卡牌游戏使货币问题可视化的独立教育载体；不把书中全部战争经济命题从Great Illusion族再领一次。
Evidence gapsThe original book and its rules have not been read; there is no independent evidence of learning effects.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
未读原书与规则；无独立学习效果证据
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- .58Norman AngellOriginal Chinese · 诺曼·安吉尔Person
- .10Original book editorial, design, and publishing teamOriginal Chinese · 原书编辑、设计与出版团队Team
- .22Earlier work on monetary economics, critiques of mercantilism, and educational gamesOriginal Chinese · 货币经济、重商主义批评与教育游戏前史Predecessor pool
- .10Unresolved shareOriginal Chinese · 未解析份额Unallocated
Source links
- Original works, work records, and research ↗Original Chinese label · 原典、作品记录与研究
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Internationalist organizational work such as the League of Nations Union
League of Nations Union等国际主义组织工作
Reason Nobel materials list executive-committee, research-institute, antiwar and antifascist committee, and Abyssinia Association affiliations, but lack terms of office, specific actions, and the division of labor among co-members; positions receive no M.
Original Chinese reason
Nobel资料列执行委员会、研究机构、反战反法西斯委员会和Abyssinia Association身份，但缺任期、具体行动和共同成员分工，职位不设M。
1951 autobiography *After All*
1951《After All》自传
Reason The Nobel bibliography and synopsis confirm a complete autobiography, but the text has not been read and overlaps heavily with existing restatements of the career and thought; a residual textual contribution is retained, but a single book is not assigned a full M.
Original Chinese reason
Nobel书目和简介确认完整自传，但未读正文且与既有生涯/思想重述高度重合；保留文本残余，不按一本书另给完整M。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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