PERSON · STARLIGHT

Frédéric Passy

Recorded name: 弗雷德里克·帕西

Frédéric Passy was a French economic writer, parliamentarian, and advocate of international arbitration.

Original Chinese introduction

弗雷德里克·帕西是法国经济学作者、议员与国际仲裁倡导者。

Through courses, books, and lectures, Passy discussed political economy and the costs of war, and he also helped build French peace societies. With Cremer and others, he advanced transnational parliamentary meetings that formed an early basis for the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Textual arguments, domestic societies, and international meetings each involved specific processes of collaboration and transmission.

Original Chinese context

帕西通过课程、书籍和演讲讨论政治经济与战争的代价，也参与法国和平社团的建设。他与克里默等人推动跨国议会会议，形成议会联盟的早期基础。文本论述、国内社团和国际会议各有具体的合作与传递过程。

Introduction sources
Provisional score4.93

Displayed to two decimal places.

Score tierBright Star T4

Derived from the current score.

Evaluated contributions3

Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.

ASSESSMENT SCOPE

What this score covers

All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.

Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.

3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.

Original scope note

This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.

Original Chinese scope

本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。

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CALCULATION

How the score is calculated

Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).

M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.

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SCORE DETAILS

3 evaluated contributions

M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.

Chinese score details →

Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.

OutcomeMAttribution shareAttributed lightStandalone scoreShare of totalStatus
01Political-economy teaching and a corpus of writings on economics and peace政治经济学教学与经济—和平写作语料OUT-SL1518-1857-1909-ECONOMIC-TEACHING-WRITING-CORPUS · 1857–19094.946%129.1856154.2344.5832%Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence
02Transnational parliamentary meetings and the early arbitration mechanism of the Inter-Parliamentary Union跨国议会会议与议会联盟早期仲裁机制OUT-SL1518-1888-1909-IPU-PARLIAMENTARY-ARBITRATION · 1888–19095.516%89.8146123.9230.9959%Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence
03Organizational construction of French peace societies and arbitration advocacy法国和平社团与仲裁倡议的组织建设OUT-SL1518-1867-1900S-FRENCH-PEACE-SOCIETIES · 1867–1900s5.120%70.7626783.7124.4209%Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence

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NOTES AND SOURCES

Contribution notes and source links

English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.

01Political-economy teaching and a corpus of writings on economics and peace政治经济学教学与经济—和平写作语料OUT-SL1518-1857-1909-ECONOMIC-TEACHING-WRITING-CORPUS

Record year1857–1909

summaryIt formed a continuous corpus of political-economy teaching and publication, and brought the economic costs of war, labor, machinery, education, and peace advocacy into public courses and textual circulation.

Original Chinese · summary

形成连续的政治经济教学与出版语料，并把战争经济代价、劳动、机器、教育与和平倡议带入公开课程和文本传播。

M rationaleMultiple bibliographies, courses, and titled lectures constitute a tangible corpus of texts and teaching. Their value lies in sustained public expression and material delivery, not in an unverified breakthrough in original theory; the existing bibliographic scope is sufficient for a provisional estimate of the scale of general intellectual texts, while unread full texts remain only a confidence gap.

Original Chinese · M rationale

多部书目、课程和有题名演讲构成有形文本与教学语料，价值在持续公共表达和材料交付，而非未经证实的原创理论突破；现有书目范围足以作一般思想文本量级的暂估，正文未读只作为置信缺口。

attribution rationaleFrédéric Passy .46; contemporary publishers, lecture hosts, and editors .18; prehistory of classical-liberal economics and peace thought .21; contemporary economic-discussion and teaching networks .06; unresolved share .09. The shares are revisable research judgments.

Original Chinese · attribution rationale

弗雷德里克·帕西 .46；同期出版者、讲演主办方与编辑 .18；古典自由主义经济与和平论前史 .21；同期经济讨论与教学网络 .06；未解析份额 .09。份额为可修订研究判断。

overlap boundaryThis combines verifiable textual/teaching deliveries from economic writings and courses of 1857–1873, La Paix et la Guerre of 1867, and Pour la paix of 1909; it does not split points by book title, claim an independent original economic theory, or repeat the organizational service of peace societies or the IPU.

Original Chinese · overlap boundary

合并1857–1873经济著述与课程、1867《La Paix et la Guerre》及1909《Pour la paix》的可证文本/教学交付；不按书名拆点，不声称提出独立原创经济理论，也不重复和平社团或IPU组织服务。

Evidence gapsThe full texts of the principal economic works have not been read, so theoretical originality or the quality of individual books cannot be confirmed; the edition year of Leçons d’économie politique and parts of the bibliography still require library-holding checks; a navigation-level secondary bibliography list does not alone support any specific content claim.

Original Chinese · evidence gaps

未实读主要经济著作正文，不能确认理论原创性或各书质量；Leçons d’économie politique版本年及部分书目仍需馆藏核对；不以导航级二手书目清单单独支撑任何具体内容命题

Full attribution budget

Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.

  • .46Frédéric PassyOriginal Chinese · 弗雷德里克·帕西Person
  • .18Contemporary publishers, lecture hosts, and editorsOriginal Chinese · 同期出版者、讲演主办方与编辑Team
  • .21Prehistory of classical-liberal economics and peace thoughtOriginal Chinese · 古典自由主义经济与和平论前史Predecessor pool
  • .06Contemporary economic-discussion and teaching networksOriginal Chinese · 同期经济讨论与教学网络Team
  • .09Unresolved shareOriginal Chinese · 未解析份额Unallocated

Source links

02Transnational parliamentary meetings and the early arbitration mechanism of the Inter-Parliamentary Union跨国议会会议与议会联盟早期仲裁机制OUT-SL1518-1888-1909-IPU-PARLIAMENTARY-ARBITRATION

Record year1888–1909

summaryIt institutionalized transnational parliamentarian collaboration as recurring meetings and a continuing organization, rather than merely individual speeches.

Original Chinese · summary

把跨国议员合作固化为重复会议和持续组织，而非只作个人演说。

M rationaleThe continuing transnational consultation mechanism has an institutional scope independent of single-country societies; no reduction of war is verified, so final peace effects are not counted in M. Individual joint roles are handled separately through attribution shares.

Original Chinese · M rationale

跨国持续协商机制具有独立于单国社团的制度范围；未证战争减少，不把最终和平效果计入M。个人的共同角色另由归功份额处理。

attribution rationaleFrédéric Passy .16; William Randal Cremer .16; founding international parliamentarian group .34; early Inter-Parliamentary Union secretariat and organizers .13; prehistory of parliamentary arbitration .13; unresolved share .08. The shares are revisable research judgments.

Original Chinese · attribution rationale

弗雷德里克·帕西 .16；威廉·兰德尔·克里默 .16；创始国际议员群体 .34；早期议会联盟秘书处与组织者 .13；议会仲裁前史 .13；未解析份额 .08。份额为可修订研究判断。

overlap boundaryThis counts the transnational institutional residue of the 1888 Paris meeting, the formal parliamentary meeting of 1889, and Passy's early presidential service; it does not claim the IPU's entire later history, international law, or peace outcomes.

Original Chinese · overlap boundary

计1888巴黎会晤、1889正式议会会议及帕西早期主席服务的跨国制度残余；不领取整个IPU后史、国际法或和平结果。

Evidence gapsThe records of the 1888–1889 meetings and the distribution of labor among national representatives have not been read.

Original Chinese · evidence gaps

未读1888–1889会议记录与各国代表劳动分配

Full attribution budget

Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.

  • .16Frédéric PassyOriginal Chinese · 弗雷德里克·帕西Person
  • .16Randal CremerOriginal Chinese · 兰德尔·克里默Person
  • .34Founding international parliamentarian groupOriginal Chinese · 创始国际议员群体Team
  • .13Early Inter-Parliamentary Union secretariat and organizersOriginal Chinese · 早期议会联盟秘书处与组织者Team
  • .13Prehistory of parliamentary arbitrationOriginal Chinese · 议会仲裁前史Predecessor pool
  • .08Unresolved shareOriginal Chinese · 未解析份额Unallocated

Source links

03Organizational construction of French peace societies and arbitration advocacy法国和平社团与仲裁倡议的组织建设OUT-SL1518-1867-1900S-FRENCH-PEACE-SOCIETIES

Record year1867–1900s

Original Chinese · record year

1867–1900年代

summaryIt continuously formed French organizational, meeting, and public-advocacy vehicles for peace and interstate arbitration.

Original Chinese · summary

在法国持续形成和平与国家间仲裁的组织、会议和公共倡议载体。

M rationaleAn organizational vehicle sustained for decades has more institutional value than a single advocacy text, but actual conflict reduction and policy adoption are unverified; it is therefore valued as moderate institutional service.

Original Chinese · M rationale

持续数十年的组织载体比单篇倡议更有制度价值，但实际冲突减少和政策采纳未证，因此按中等制度服务估值。

attribution rationaleFrédéric Passy .20; French peace-society members and staff .39; French publication and meeting teams .09; nineteenth-century prehistory of peace and arbitration .20; unresolved share .12. The shares are revisable research judgments.

Original Chinese · attribution rationale

弗雷德里克·帕西 .20；法国和平社团成员与职员 .39；法国出版与会议团队 .09；十九世纪和平与仲裁前史 .20；未解析份额 .12。份额为可修订研究判断。

overlap boundaryThis counts the domestic organizational basis of the 1867 Peace League and its successor societies, and of the 1889 French arbitration society; it does not claim the transnational meeting labor of the Inter-Parliamentary Union or equate the existence of societies with reduced war.

Original Chinese · overlap boundary

计1867和平联盟及其继承社团、1889法国仲裁社团的国内组织基础；不领取国际议会联盟的跨国会议劳动，也不把社团存在等同战争减少。

Evidence gapsConstitutions, membership lists, financial records, and archives of specific campaigns have not been read.

Original Chinese · evidence gaps

未读章程、会员名录、财务和具体运动档案

Full attribution budget

Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.

  • .20Frédéric PassyOriginal Chinese · 弗雷德里克·帕西Person
  • .39French peace-society members and staffOriginal Chinese · 法国和平社团成员与职员Team
  • .09French publication and meeting teamsOriginal Chinese · 法国出版与会议团队Team
  • .20Nineteenth-century prehistory of peace and arbitrationOriginal Chinese · 十九世纪和平与仲裁前史Predecessor pool
  • .12Unresolved shareOriginal Chinese · 未解析份额Unallocated

Source links

BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED

Not included in this score

These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.

Labor, colonial policy, and other parliamentary work

劳工、殖民政策及其他议会工作

Reason Only broad position summaries are available; specific bills, texts, and implementation outcomes are lacking.

Original Chinese reason

只有宽泛立场摘要，缺具体法案、文本和实施结果。

How to read this score

Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.

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