Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Lin Fengmian
Recorded name: 林风眠
Lin Fengmian (1900–1991) was a Chinese painter and art educator who served as the first president of the National Academy of Art.
Original Chinese introduction
林风眠（1900—1991）是中国画家和艺术教育者，曾任国立艺术院首任院长。
Lin Fengmian's painting sought new compositional and color expression between Chinese painting, oil painting, and modernist languages, often presenting simple yet lyrical pictures with subjects such as figures, opera, and landscapes. He participated in early modern art education and, together with Wu Dayu and others, promoted teaching discussions on comparing, organizing, and integrating Chinese and Western art.
Original Chinese context
林风眠的绘画在中国画、油画与现代主义语言之间寻求新的构图和色彩表达，常以人物、戏曲、风景等题材呈现简约而富于抒情性的画面。他参与早期现代艺术教育，与吴大羽等人共同推动中西艺术比较、整理与融合的教学讨论。
Introduction sources
- China Academy of Art: Lin Fengmian ↗Original Chinese label · 中国美术学院：林风眠
- History of the Oil Painting Department of the China Academy of Art ↗Original Chinese label · 中国美术学院油画系校史
- Exhibition materials from the Tsinghua University Art Museum ↗Original Chinese label · 清华大学艺术博物馆展览资料
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Square-Format Ink-and-Color Landscape, Nature, and Still-Life Painting Body方幅彩墨风景、自然与静物绘画组合OUT-SL2115-1940S-1991-LANDSCAPE-NATURE-AND-STILL-LIFE-PAINTING · 1940s | 5.8 | 67% | 531.529917 | 5.45 | 45.0976% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Modern Ink-and-Color Body of Ladies, Figures, and Opera Subjects仕女、人物与戏曲题材的现代彩墨作品组合OUT-SL2115-1940S-1991-FIGURE-OPERA-AND-MODERN-INK-PAINTING · 1940s | 5.8 | 66% | 523.596635 | 5.44 | 44.4245% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Founding of the National Academy of Art and an Educational Direction Integrating Chinese and Western Approaches国立艺术院创院与中西兼融教育方向OUT-SL2115-1928-1930S-NATIONAL-ACADEMY-OF-ART-FOUNDING-EDUCATIONAL-DIRECTION · 1928 | 5.5 | 22% | 123.495092 | 4.19 | 10.4779% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Square-Format Ink-and-Color Landscape, Nature, and Still-Life Painting Body方幅彩墨风景、自然与静物绘画组合OUT-SL2115-1940S-1991-LANDSCAPE-NATURE-AND-STILL-LIFE-PAINTING
Record year1940s
Original Chinese · record year
1940年代
summaryThe sustained use of square formats, ink and color on paper, and modern composition for Chinese natural subjects formed a recognizable body of work spanning several decades.
Original Chinese · summary
把方形画面、纸本水墨色彩和现代构成持续用于中国自然题材，形成跨数十年的可辨作品组合。
M rationaleThe Hong Kong Museum of Art explicitly notes the difference between square-format landscapes and traditional scroll formats; the Cernuschi and Ashmolean collections further provide analyses of specific works involving geometric forms, color, and Chinese-Western synthesis. It is assigned M5.8 for a sustained, mutually resonant body of work.
Original Chinese · M rationale
香港艺术馆明确指出方幅风景与传统卷轴形式的差异，Cernuschi与Ashmolean馆藏进一步给出几何形式、色彩和中西综合的具体作品分析；按持续且互相呼应的作品组合取M5.8。
attribution rationaleLin Fengmian 0.67, prehistory of Chinese painting 0.11, prehistory of European modernism 0.11, physical support 0.03, unresolved 0.08.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
林风眠0.67，中国绘画前史0.11，欧洲现代前史0.11，实物支持0.03，未解析0.08。
overlap boundaryA body of landscape, shanshui, flower-and-bird, and still-life works from approximately the 1940s to 1991, sharing square-format ink and color on paper, geometric composition, and strong color as a common language; it excludes figure, lady, and opera works, school education, later exhibitions, and market value, and does not duplicate M by individual work.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
约1940年代至1991年的风景、山水、花鸟与静物作品组合，以方幅纸本彩墨、几何化构成和强烈色彩为共同语言；不包含人物/仕女/戏曲作品、学校教育、后世展览或市场价值，也不按单幅作品复制M。
Evidence gapsThere is not yet a complete authoritative catalogue raisonné, and work dates and series boundaries remain only a limited mapping; analysis of representative flower-and-bird and still-life works is thinner than for landscapes, so for now they are included within the natural-subject body and do not form a separate entry.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
尚无完整权威catalogue raisonné，作品年代与系列边界仍为有限映射。；花鸟/静物的代表作品分析较风景薄，暂随自然题材组合消费，不另立点。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.67Lin FengmianOriginal Chinese · 林风眠Person
- 0.11Precursors of Chinese landscape, ink-and-wash, and calligraphic paintingOriginal Chinese · 中国山水、水墨与书法绘画前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.11Precursors of European modernist, Cubist, and Expressionist paintingOriginal Chinese · 欧洲现代主义、立体派与表现主义绘画前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.03Lin Fengmian studio production personnelOriginal Chinese · 林风眠工作室制作人员Team
- 0.08Unresolved landscape and still-life painting contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未解析的风景与静物绘画贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Literature and institutional sources: hk.art.museum ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：hk.art.museum
- Literature and institutional sources: www.cernuschi.paris.fr ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：www.cernuschi.paris.fr
- Literature and institutional sources: jameelcentre.ashmolean.org ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：jameelcentre.ashmolean.org
02Modern Ink-and-Color Body of Ladies, Figures, and Opera Subjects仕女、人物与戏曲题材的现代彩墨作品组合OUT-SL2115-1940S-1991-FIGURE-OPERA-AND-MODERN-INK-PAINTING
Record year1940s
Original Chinese · record year
1940年代
summaryTransforming opera movements, figure outlines, color blocks, and geometric composition into a modern figurative language in square-format ink and color on paper.
Original Chinese · summary
把戏曲动作、人物轮廓、色块和几何构成转化为方幅/纸本彩墨的现代人物作品语言。
M rationaleEducational material from the Hong Kong Museum of Art directly confirms opera figures as his subject and Cubist composition; holdings of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, the Met, and the Shanghai Chinese Painting Academy verify the final physical states of works such as Ladies, Two Nuns, and Dancers, supporting M5.8 for an independent figure/opera work family.
Original Chinese · M rationale
香港艺术馆教育材料直接确认其以戏曲人物为题并呈现立体主义构成；台北故宫、Met和上海画院藏品核实仕女、二尼、舞者等实物终态，支持独立人物/戏曲作品族M5.8。
attribution rationaleLin Fengmian 0.66, prehistory of Chinese figure/opera painting 0.13, prehistory of European modernism 0.10, physical support 0.03, unresolved 0.08.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
林风眠0.66，中国人物/戏曲前史0.13，欧洲现代前史0.10，实物支持0.03，未解析0.08。
overlap boundaryA body of paintings of ladies, dancers, opera figures, and religious and everyday figures from approximately the 1940s to 1991; it excludes the landscape/nature family, the social history of depicted figures, later performances and exhibitions, and does not duplicate M by subject or individual painting.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
约1940年代至1991年的仕女、舞者、戏曲人物及宗教/日常人物画组合；排除风景自然族、被描绘人物的社会史、后世表演与展览，不按题材或单幅画重复M。
Evidence gapsA complete catalogue and chain of authentication for cross-period figure and opera works are lacking; the direct source relationship between viewing opera, stage imagery, and particular works remains unresolved.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
缺跨年代人物/戏曲作品的完整目录与真伪链。；戏曲观看、舞台图像和具体作品之间的直接来源关系未解析。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.66Lin FengmianOriginal Chinese · 林风眠Person
- 0.13Precursors of Chinese figure, opera, and ink paintingOriginal Chinese · 中国人物、戏曲与水墨绘画前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.1Precursors of European modern figure and stage paintingOriginal Chinese · 欧洲现代人物与舞台绘画前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.03Lin Fengmian studio production personnelOriginal Chinese · 林风眠工作室制作人员Team
- 0.08Unresolved figure and opera painting contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未解析的人物与戏曲绘画贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Literature and institutional sources: hk.art.museum ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：hk.art.museum
- Literature and institutional resources: digitalarchive.npm.gov.tw ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：digitalarchive.npm.gov.tw
- Literature and institutional resources: www.metmuseum.org ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：www.metmuseum.org
- Literature and institutional resources: whlyj.sh.gov.cn ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：whlyj.sh.gov.cn
03Founding of the National Academy of Art and an Educational Direction Integrating Chinese and Western Approaches国立艺术院创院与中西兼融教育方向OUT-SL2115-1928-1930S-NATIONAL-ACADEMY-OF-ART-FOUNDING-EDUCATIONAL-DIRECTION
Record year1928
summaryIn the new academy, placing Chinese and Western art history, oil painting, and the organization of Chinese art in a shared curriculum and discussion direction, and establishing a sustained educational institution.
Original Chinese · summary
在新学院中把中西艺术史、油画与中国艺术整理置于共同课程/讨论方向，并建立持续办学载体。
M rationaleThe China Academy of Art's history confirms the first president, and the Oil Painting Department's history explicitly places the four educational propositions with the founding team including Lin Fengmian and Wu Dayu. It is assigned M5.5 for the specific founding and early-direction delivery, rather than for the title of president.
Original Chinese · M rationale
中国美院校史确认首任院长，油画系校史把四项教育主张明确置于林风眠、吴大羽等创院团队；按具体创院与早期方向交付取M5.5，而非按校长头衔。
attribution rationaleLin Fengmian 0.22, Wu Dayu 0.14, founding team 0.29, prehistory of education 0.15, academy 0.08, unresolved 0.12.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
林风眠0.22，吴大羽0.14，创院团队0.29，教育前史0.15，学院0.08，未解析0.12。
overlap boundaryInstitutional service in founding the National Academy of Art in 1928 and initially forming a direction of juxtaposing and harmonizing Chinese and Western art and creating for the era; it merges the first presidency and early founding-period teaching, without separately scoring prior teaching posts in Shanghai or Nanjing. It excludes all later academy traditions, alumni works, and modern Chinese art education.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1928创办国立艺术院及早期形成中西艺术并置、调和与时代创作方向的制度服务；合并首任院长与创院早期教学，不另按此前上海/南京任教职位计分。排除学院后世全部传统、校友作品与现代中国艺术教育。
Evidence gapsThe founding charter, curriculum schedules, meeting records, and a complete roster of founders are lacking; prior teaching at other schools is supported only by biographical records and did not form an independent final curriculum state, so it is not quantified.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
缺创院章程、课程表、会议记录和完整创院人员名录。；此前各校任教只有履历，未形成独立课程终态，故未量化。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.22Lin FengmianOriginal Chinese · 林风眠Person
- 0.14Wu DayuOriginal Chinese · 吴大羽Person
- 0.29Founding teachers, students, and administrative team of the National Academy of ArtOriginal Chinese · 国立艺术院创院师生与行政团队Team
- 0.15Precursors of modern Chinese art education and Chinese-Western curriculaOriginal Chinese · 中国近代艺术教育与中西课程前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.08National Academy of ArtOriginal Chinese · 国立艺术院Institution
- 0.12Unresolved contributions to the founding of the National Academy of ArtOriginal Chinese · 未解析的国立艺术院创院贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Literature and institutional materials: www.caa.edu.cn ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：www.caa.edu.cn
- Literature and institutional materials: youhua.caa.edu.cn ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：youhua.caa.edu.cn
- Literature and institutional sources: hk.art.museum ↗Original Chinese label · 文献与机构资料：hk.art.museum
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Early teaching in Shanghai, Nanjing, and elsewhere
上海、南京等早期任教
Reason At present there are only teaching biographical records; if course remnants exist, they should be merged into the founding-education family first, to avoid duplication by position.
Original Chinese reason
现只有任教履历；若有课程残余，优先并入创院教育族，避免职位重复。
Political Persecution and Destruction of Works
政治迫害与作品毁损
Reason Museum material can substantiate unjustified imprisonment and destruction of works, but these are harms directed at him, not positive achievements or directly quantifiable personal contributions.
Original Chinese reason
馆方可证无正当理由入狱及作品毁损，但这是针对本人的伤害，不是其正成果或可直接量化的个人贡献。
Later Exhibitions, Market, and Influence
后世展览、市场与影响
Reason Exhibitions and collections are used to verify works; market prices, students' subsequent creations, and institutional reputation are not credited back to the individual.
Original Chinese reason
展览与收藏用于核作品，不把市场价格、学生后续创作或机构声誉回灌个人。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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