Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Pei Xiu
Recorded name: 裴秀
Pei Xiu was a cartographer of the Three Kingdoms and Wei-Jin period. He organized scale, direction, distance, and terrain correction into the “six principles” of cartography, and directed the compilation of the Regional Atlas of Yu Gong.
Original Chinese introduction
裴秀是三国魏晋时期的制图家。他把比例、方向、距离和地形校正整理为制图的“六体”，并主持编制《禹贡地域图》。
His original maps have been lost, and his work is now known mainly through sources such as the Book of Jin. These accounts describe an attempt to correct geographical information with explicit rules, so that positions and distances on maps would correspond to one another.
Original Chinese context
他的地图原作已经失传，今天主要通过《晋书》等文献认识其工作。这些记载呈现了一种尝试：用明确规则校正地理信息，让地图中的位置和距离彼此吻合。
Introduction sources
- Source: press.uchicago.edu ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：press.uchicago.edu
- Source: www.geogsci.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.geogsci.com
- Source: www.journals.uchicago.edu ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.journals.uchicago.edu
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
2 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 2 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列2项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
2 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Text of the six cartographic principles for scale, orientation, distance, and terrain correction制图六体的尺度、方位、距离与地形校正规则文本OUT-SL3663-THIRD-CENTURY-SIX-CARTOGRAPHIC-PRINCIPLES · THIRD | 5.5 | 38% | 213.309704 | 4.66 | 72.8688% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Lost map delivery of the Regional Atlas of Yu Gong and Fangzhang terrain maps《禹贡地域图》与地形方丈图的失传地图交付OUT-SL3663-THIRD-CENTURY-YUGONG-REGIONAL-ATLAS-FANGZHANG-MAP · THIRD | 5.2 | 20% | 79.421434 | 3.81 | 27.1312% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Text of the six cartographic principles for scale, orientation, distance, and terrain correction制图六体的尺度、方位、距离与地形校正规则文本OUT-SL3663-THIRD-CENTURY-SIX-CARTOGRAPHIC-PRINCIPLES
Record yearTHIRD
summaryIt organizes scale, direction, distance, and terrain correction in mapmaking into an explicit, discussable set of rules. The textual end state of the six principles preserved in the Biography of Pei Xiu in the Book of Jin covers scale, orientation, mileage, and terrain-distance corrections such as elevation/depression and oblique/straight distance; lost physical maps, the Song-dynasty Yuji Tu, and later Chinese cartography are excluded.
Original Chinese · summary
把地图制作中的比例、方向、距离和地形修正组织成明确、可讨论的成套规则。 《晋书·裴秀传》保存的六体规则：比例、方位、里程及高下/斜直等地形距离校正的文本终态；失传地图实体、宋代《禹迹图》和后世中国制图排除。
M rationaleScholarly sources confirm these as the earliest recorded Chinese cartographic rules; their combination has a methodological end state and receives M5.5. “Earliest recorded” does not mean the world's first instance or that all later transmission derived from it.
Original Chinese · M rationale
学术来源确认其为最早有记录的中国制图规则，规则组合具有方法终态，取M5.5；“最早记录”不等于世界首次或后世全由此传递。
attribution rationalePei Xiu 0.38; surveying and cartographic prehistory 0.22; contemporary mapping/surveying teams 0.10; Western Jin institutions 0.06; unresolved 0.24.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Pei Xiu 0.38；测绘前史0.22；同期地图/测绘团队0.10；西晋制度0.06；未解析0.24。
overlap boundaryThe original methodological end state of the six principles formed in Pei Xiu's time covers scale, orientation, mileage, and terrain-distance corrections such as elevation/depression and oblique/straight distance; it is now preserved only through the later Biography of Pei Xiu in the Book of Jin. Lost physical maps, later editorial/copying services, the Song-dynasty Yuji Tu, and later Chinese cartography are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
裴秀同时代形成的六体规则：比例、方位、里程及高下/斜直等地形距离校正的原始方法终态；现仅由《晋书·裴秀传》后世保存。失传地图实体、后世编纂/抄写服务、宋代《禹迹图》和后世中国制图排除。
Evidence gapsBoth the original maps and Pei Xiu's original manuscript are lost; the actual time of formation, wording, and contemporary team behind the six principles cannot be fully verified. The Book of Jin and later copies are the known transmission chain, but this item does not retroactively convert preservation labor into positive credit for the original method.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
原始地图和裴秀原稿均失传；六体实际形成时间、措辞和同期团队无法完全核验。；《晋书》与后世抄本是现知传递链，但本点没有把保存劳动倒灌为原始方法的正归功。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.38Pei XiuOriginal Chinese · 裴秀Person
- 0.22HAN AND EARLIER CHINESE SURVEY MAP SCALE GRID AND ROAD MEASUREMENT PREHISTORY (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · HAN AND EARLIER CHINESE SURVEY MAP SCALE GRID AND ROAD MEASUREMENT PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.1PEI XIU CARTOGRAPHERS SURVEYORS SCRIBES AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · PEI XIU CARTOGRAPHERS SURVEYORS SCRIBES AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANTS（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.06WESTERN JIN STATE CARTOGRAPHIC AND ARCHIVAL INSTITUTIONS (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · WESTERN JIN STATE CARTOGRAPHIC AND ARCHIVAL INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.24UNRESOLVED PEI XIU SIX PRINCIPLES ATTRIBUTION (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED PEI XIU SIX PRINCIPLES ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: press.uchicago.edu ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：press.uchicago.edu
- Source: www.journals.uchicago.edu ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.journals.uchicago.edu
02Lost map delivery of the Regional Atlas of Yu Gong and Fangzhang terrain maps《禹贡地域图》与地形方丈图的失传地图交付OUT-SL3663-THIRD-CENTURY-YUGONG-REGIONAL-ATLAS-FANGZHANG-MAP
Record yearTHIRD
summaryIt reorganizes regional geographical materials in response to changes in mountain, river, and place names and forms a finished set of maps/Fangzhang maps. This is the administrative-geographical synthesis and map delivery of the Regional Atlas of Yu Gong and Fangzhang terrain maps recorded in historical materials; because the originals are lost, it is provisionally assessed only as a map end state confirmable from those materials, without including the general method of the six principles, Song-dynasty grid maps, or later cartography.
Original Chinese · summary
针对山川地名变化重新组织区域地理材料并形成成套地图/方丈图终态。 史料所载《禹贡地域图》及地形方丈图的行政地理综合和地图交付；因原作失传，只按史料可确认的地图终态暂估，不把六体一般方法、宋代网格地图或后世制图收入本点。
M rationaleThe Chicago History of Cartography uses the Book of Jin to support both the motive for and existence of the mapmaking, but the Fangzhang-map process is unclear; M5.2 is assigned for the actual delivery rather than later influence.
Original Chinese · M rationale
Chicago《制图史》以《晋书》支持地图制作动机与存在，但方丈图过程不明；按实际交付而非后世影响取M5.2。
attribution rationalePei Xiu 0.20; map team 0.32; local materials 0.15; cartographic prehistory 0.15; Jin institutions 0.08; unresolved 0.10.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Pei Xiu 0.20；地图团队0.32；地方资料0.15；制图前史0.15；晋机构0.08；未解析0.10。
overlap boundaryThis is the administrative-geographical synthesis and map delivery of the Regional Atlas of Yu Gong and Fangzhang terrain maps recorded in historical materials; because the originals are lost, it is provisionally assessed only as a map end state confirmable from those materials, without including the general method of the six principles, Song-dynasty grid maps, or later cartography.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
史料所载《禹贡地域图》及地形方丈图的行政地理综合和地图交付；因原作失传，只按史料可确认的地图终态暂估，不把六体一般方法、宋代网格地图或后世制图收入本点。
Evidence gapsThe original maps are lost, so their accuracy, coverage, versions, actual use, and Pei Xiu's own technical labor cannot be verified.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
原图失传，无法核对精度、覆盖、版本、实际使用和裴秀本人技术劳动。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.2Pei XiuOriginal Chinese · 裴秀Person
- 0.32WESTERN JIN CARTOGRAPHERS SURVEYORS DRAUGHTSMEN AND SCRIBES (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · WESTERN JIN CARTOGRAPHERS SURVEYORS DRAUGHTSMEN AND SCRIBES（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.15LOCAL OFFICIALS ROUTE RECORDS GAZETTEER AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOURCES (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · LOCAL OFFICIALS ROUTE RECORDS GAZETTEER AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SOURCES（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.15CHINESE ADMINISTRATIVE GEOGRAPHY MAP GRID SCALE AND SURVEY PREHISTORY (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · CHINESE ADMINISTRATIVE GEOGRAPHY MAP GRID SCALE AND SURVEY PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.08WESTERN JIN STATE ARCHIVE AND CARTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · WESTERN JIN STATE ARCHIVE AND CARTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.1UNRESOLVED PEI XIU MAP DELIVERY ATTRIBUTION (role specified in the budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED PEI XIU MAP DELIVERY ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: press.uchicago.edu ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：press.uchicago.edu
- Source: www.geogsci.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.geogsci.com
- Source: www.journals.uchicago.edu ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.journals.uchicago.edu
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Item-by-item versions, collaboration, and later influence
逐项版本、协作和后世影响
Reason Existing sources are insufficient to settle specific attribution; attribution cannot be made automatically by the number of works or projects.
Original Chinese reason
现有来源不足以结清具体归属，不能按作品或项目数量自动归因。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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