Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Alessandro Volta
Recorded name: 亚历山德罗·伏特
Alessandro Volta was an Italian physicist and inventor of the Voltaic Pile.
Original Chinese introduction
亚历山德罗·伏特是意大利物理学家，伏打电堆的发明者。
Volta was an Italian physicist known for electrostatic instruments, gas research, and the Voltaic Pile. He improved electroscopes and potential-measurement instruments, and in 1775 demonstrated induction electricity with the electrophorus; he also studied flammable marsh gas and distinguished it from hydrogen. Around 1800, he arranged dissimilar metals and conductive media into a pile, providing a reproducible continuous-current device.
Original Chinese context
伏特是意大利物理学家，以静电仪器、气体研究和伏打电堆闻名。他改进验电与电势测量器具，1775年以起电盘展示感应起电；又研究湿地可燃气体并将其与氢气区分。1800年前后，他把异种金属和导电介质排列成电堆，提供了可重复的连续电流装置。
Introduction sources
- Museum of the History of Science, University of Pavia: Alessandro Volta ↗Original Chinese label · 帕维亚大学科学史博物馆：Alessandro Volta
- Volta Foundation: Electrophorus ↗Original Chinese label · 伏特基金会：起电盘
- Volta Foundation: Discovery of Methane ↗Original Chinese label · Volta基金会：甲烷发现
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Voltaic Pile and an Experimental Platform for Sustained Current伏打电堆与可持续电流实验平台OUT-SL0090-1800-VOLTAIC-PILE-CONTINUOUS-CURRENT · 1800 | 6.8 | 39% | 979.245708 | 5.98 | 71.4346% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Electrophorus and the Family of Electrostatic Detection and Measurement Instruments起电盘（electrophorus）与静电检测、测量仪器族OUT-SL0090-1775-1790-ELECTROPHORUS-AND-ELECTROSTATIC-MEASUREMENT · 1775 | 5.5 | 38% | 213.309704 | 4.66 | 15.5606% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Differentiated Identification of Flammable Marsh Gas and Methane湿地可燃气与甲烷的区分性识别OUT-SL0090-1776-1778-MARSH-GAS-METHANE-IDENTIFICATION · 1776 | 5.3 | 40% | 178.273437 | 4.51 | 13.0048% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Voltaic Pile and an Experimental Platform for Sustained Current伏打电堆与可持续电流实验平台OUT-SL0090-1800-VOLTAIC-PILE-CONTINUOUS-CURRENT
Record year1800
summaryConnecting dissimilar metals and conductive media in series into a stackable physical system supplying sustained current, making current a stable input for repeatable experiments.
Original Chinese · summary
把异种金属与导电介质串联成可叠加、持续供电的实物系统，使电流成为可反复实验的稳定输入。
M rationaleMaterials from the Pavia Museum and the Science History Institute, together with historical accounts of the 1800 publication, provide evidence for the pile and its sustained-current output. It is assigned M6.8 for the experimental platform's foundational character, reproducibility, and role in enabling work across fields.
Original Chinese · M rationale
帕维亚博物馆、Science History Institute与1800公开史共同支持电堆及持续电流终态。按实验平台的基础性、可复制性和跨领域开启作用取M6.8。
attribution rationaleVolta .39, fabrication and replication team .10, Galvani .12, other electrical/chemical prehistory .20, institutions .06, unresolved .13.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Volta .39，制作复现团队 .10，Galvani .12，其他电学/化学前史 .20，机构 .06，未解析 .13。
overlap boundaryThe 1800 Voltaic Pile as an electrochemical device and experimental platform that repeatedly generates sustained current; it does not claim all later batteries, electrolysis, electromagnetism, or electrical industry.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1800伏打电堆作为可重复产生持续电流的电化学装置与实验平台；不领取后世所有电池、电解、电磁学或电气产业。
Evidence gapsThe original communications of 1800 and the specific fabrication collaborators have not yet been established segment by segment or person by person; errors and reservations in Volta's contact-electricity explanation and in later electrochemical explanations require review of the original texts.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
1800原始通信与具体制作协作者尚未逐段/逐人闭合。；Volta接触电解释与后世电化学解释的错误/保留部分需原文审查。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.39Alessandro VoltaOriginal Chinese · 亚历山德罗·伏特Person
- 0.1Makers and early replicators of the Voltaic PileOriginal Chinese · 伏特电堆制作者与早期复现者Team
- 0.12Luigi GalvaniOriginal Chinese · 路易吉·伽伐尼Person
- 0.2Leyden jar, electrochemistry, and precursors of contact electricityOriginal Chinese · 莱顿瓶、电化学与接触电前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.06Royal Society, Pavia, and scientific-communication institutionsOriginal Chinese · 皇家学会、帕维亚与科学通信机构Institution
- 0.13Unassigned contributions to the Voltaic PileOriginal Chinese · 未分配的伏打电堆贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Patent and institutional materials: museoperlastoria.unipv.it ↗Original Chinese label · 专利与机构资料：museoperlastoria.unipv.it
- Patent and institutional materials: www.sciencehistory.org ↗Original Chinese label · 专利与机构资料：www.sciencehistory.org
- Patent and institutional materials: digital.sciencehistory.org ↗Original Chinese label · 专利与机构资料：digital.sciencehistory.org
02Electrophorus and the Family of Electrostatic Detection and Measurement Instruments起电盘（electrophorus）与静电检测、测量仪器族OUT-SL0090-1775-1790-ELECTROPHORUS-AND-ELECTROSTATIC-MEASUREMENT
Record year1775
summaryOrganizing electrostatic induction into an electrophorus that could repeatedly obtain charge, and developing more sensitive detection and comparison instruments to improve the repeatability of electrostatic experiments.
Original Chinese · summary
将静电感应组织为可反复获得电荷的起电盘（electrophorus），并发展更灵敏的检测和比较工具，改善静电实验的可重复性。
M rationaleThe Pavia Museum and Volta Foundation support the artefacts, 1775 correspondence, and measurement improvements. It is assigned M5.5 for reproducible physical instruments and measurement capability, not accumulated by the title of “inventor” or the number of artefacts.
Original Chinese · M rationale
帕维亚博物馆与Volta基金会支持器物、1775通信和测量改进。按可重复实物和测量能力取M5.5，不按“发明者”称号或器物数累计。
attribution rationaleVolta .38, collaborating makers .14, prehistory of electricity .24, institutions .06, unresolved .18.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Volta .38，制作协作者 .14，电学前史 .24，机构 .06，未解析 .18。
overlap boundaryFrom 1775, the electrophorus, condensing electrometer, and related electrostatic detection and potential-measurement instruments; merged as the same electrostatic generation–detection–measurement instrument family, without duplicating M by artefact or correspondence count.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1775起起电盘（electrophorus）、凝聚验电器及相关静电检测/电位测量工具；按同一静电生成—检测—测量仪器族合并，不按器物或通信次数复制M。
Evidence gapsSpecific makers, instrument versions, and precision improvements have not yet been established item by item.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
具体制造者、器物版本与精度改善未逐项闭合。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.38Alessandro VoltaOriginal Chinese · 亚历山德罗·伏特Person
- 0.14Volta's electrostatic-instrument makers and collaboratorsOriginal Chinese · 伏特静电仪器制作者与合作者Team
- 0.24Priestley and precursors of early electrostatic instrumentsOriginal Chinese · 普里斯特利及早期静电仪器前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.06Pavia and institutions for scientific communication about electricityOriginal Chinese · 帕维亚与电学通信机构Institution
- 0.18Unassigned contributions by Volta to electrostaticsOriginal Chinese · 未分配的伏特静电学贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Patent and institutional materials: museoperlastoria.unipv.it ↗Original Chinese label · 专利与机构资料：museoperlastoria.unipv.it
- Patent and institutional materials: alessandrovolta.it ↗Original Chinese label · 专利与机构资料：alessandrovolta.it
03Differentiated Identification of Flammable Marsh Gas and Methane湿地可燃气与甲烷的区分性识别OUT-SL0090-1776-1778-MARSH-GAS-METHANE-IDENTIFICATION
Record year1776
Original Chinese · record year
1776
summaryPhysically and chemically distinguishing flammable gas from particular natural sources from known hydrogen, forming an independent gaseous object for continued study.
Original Chinese · summary
把特定自然来源的可燃气与已知氢气作物理化学区分，形成可继续研究的独立气体对象。
M rationaleVolta Foundation and museum materials make clear that he distinguished marsh gas from hydrogen and identified methane. It is assigned M5.3 for object identification, comparison, and verifiability, not inferred backwards from later uses of methane or its environmental importance.
Original Chinese · M rationale
Volta基金会和博物馆资料明确其区分湿地气与氢气并识别甲烷。按对象识别、比较和可复核性取M5.3，不按后世甲烷用途或环境重要性回推。
attribution rationaleVolta .40, instrument/information chain .10, prehistory of gas chemistry .28, institutions .06, unresolved .16.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Volta .40，器具/信息链 .10，气体化学前史 .28，机构 .06，未解析 .16。
overlap boundaryFrom 1776, observations of flammable marsh gas, distinction of its properties from hydrogen, and identification of it as methane; it does not claim later organic chemistry, the gas industry, or climate science.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1776起对湿地可燃气的观察、与氢气性质区分及作为甲烷对象的识别；不领取后世有机化学、燃气产业或气候科学。
Evidence gapsThe initial discovery clues, sample sources, and contemporary independent confirmation remain unresolved.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
最初发现线索、样品来源与同期独立确认未闭合。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.4Alessandro VoltaOriginal Chinese · 亚历山德罗·伏特Person
- 0.1Volta's gas-instrument makers and local information chainsOriginal Chinese · 伏特气体仪器制作者与地方信息链Team
- 0.28Gas chemistry and flammable-gas precursorsOriginal Chinese · 气体化学与可燃气体前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.06Pavia, Como, and scientific-communication institutionsOriginal Chinese · 帕维亚、科莫与科学通信机构Institution
- 0.16Unassigned contributions to Volta's methane researchOriginal Chinese · 未分配的伏特甲烷研究贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Patent and institutional materials: alessandrovolta.it ↗Original Chinese label · 专利与机构资料：alessandrovolta.it
- Patent and institutional materials: www.oggiacomo.it ↗Original Chinese label · 专利与机构资料：www.oggiacomo.it
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Explanatory System for the Theory of Contact Electricity
接触电理论的解释体系
Reason It is accounted for within the Voltaic-pile entry as a problem framework; parts inconsistent with later electrochemical explanations are not separately counted as positive results.
Original Chinese reason
作为电堆问题框架由电堆点消费；其中与后世电化学解释不一致的部分不另计正成果。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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