Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Max Planck
Recorded name: 马克斯·普朗克
Max Planck (1858–1947) was a German theoretical physicist. He studied the second law of thermodynamics and equilibrium, proposed the blackbody-radiation law and the quantum of action, and participated in organizing postwar German science funding and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society.
Original Chinese introduction
马克斯·普朗克（Max Planck，1858—1947）是德国理论物理学家。他研究热力学第二定律与平衡问题，提出黑体辐射定律和作用量量子，并参与战后德国科学资助与 Kaiser Wilhelm Society 的组织工作。
Planck’s career spanned classical thermodynamics, blackbody experiments, and the formation of quantum theory, and also unfolded as German scientific institutions rebuilt between the two world wars and came under political pressure.
Original Chinese context
普朗克的职业跨越经典热力学、黑体实验与量子理论形成期，也处于德国科学机构在两次世界大战间重建和受政治压力的时期。
Introduction sources
- Max Planck Society: Max Planck and the KWG ↗Original Chinese label · 马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG
- Max Planck Research Library: thermodynamics lectures ↗Original Chinese label · Max Planck Research Library：热力学讲义
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Blackbody radiation law, action quantum and energy quantum hypothesis黑体辐射定律、作用量量子与能量量子假设OUT-SL0058-1899-1900-BLACKBODY-RADIATION-ACTION-QUANTUM · 1899 | 7.0 | 48% | 1517.413277 | 6.36 | 87.7558% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Entropy, irreversibility, physicochemical equilibrium and transmission of thermodynamic knowledge熵、不可逆性、物理化学平衡与热力学知识交付OUT-SL0058-1879-THERMODYNAMICS-EQUILIBRIUM-TEXTBOOK · 1879 | 5.4 | 40% | 200.074893 | 4.61 | 11.5708% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Research funding reconstruction and protection measures for threatened scientists研究资助重建与受威胁科学家保护措施OUT-SL0058-1920-1946-SCIENCE-ORGANIZATION-SERVICE · 1920 | 3.2 | 30% | 11.643215 | 2.20 | 0.6734% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Blackbody radiation law, action quantum and energy quantum hypothesis黑体辐射定律、作用量量子与能量量子假设OUT-SL0058-1899-1900-BLACKBODY-RADIATION-ACTION-QUANTUM
Record year1899
Original Chinese · record year
1899
summaryIntroduced the action quantum for blackbody radiation and formulated a radiation law, becoming the starting point of quantum theory; blackbody experimenters, Boltzmann and other antecedents and later theoretical researchers retain their contributions respectively.
Original Chinese · summary
针对黑体辐射引入作用量量子并形成辐射定律，成为量子理论的起点；黑体实验者、Boltzmann 等前史及后续理论研究者分别保留贡献。
M rationaleProvided a quantitative law and a new quantum scale in the problem of classical prediction mismatch, changing the problem space of theoretical physics; on the Shannon information theory M7 same scale taken as M7.0; foundational effect already included.
Original Chinese · M rationale
在经典预测失配问题上给出定量定律和新量子尺度，改变理论物理问题空间，按Shannon信息论M7同尺度取M7.0；奠基效应已计入。
attribution rationalePlanck 0.48; experimental measurement 0.15; theoretical prior development 0.20; parallel research 0.10; dissemination 0.04; unknown 0.03.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Planck 0.48；实验测量0.15；理论前史0.20；并行研究0.10；传播0.04；未知0.03。
overlap boundaryFrom 1899 to 1900, introduced the action constant, energy–frequency quantum relation and formulated a radiation law for blackbody radiation distribution; the constant, formula and quantum hypothesis form a family; subsequent quantum mechanics and technology excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1899至1900年针对黑体辐射分布引入作用量常数、能量—频率量子关系并形成辐射定律；常数、公式和量子假设合族，后续量子力学与技术排除。
Evidence gapsExperimental data contribution and 1900 terminology evolution to be calibrated.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
实验数据贡献和1900术语演变待校准。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.48Max PlanckOriginal Chinese · 马克斯·普朗克Person
- 0.15Blackbody-radiation experimental personnelOriginal Chinese · 黑体辐射实验人员Team
- 0.2Boltzmann, Clausius, Gibbs, and theoretical prehistoryOriginal Chinese · Boltzmann、Clausius、Gibbs 与理论前史Predecessor pool
- 0.1Parallel researchers in radiation theoryOriginal Chinese · 辐射理论并行研究者Parallel pool
- 0.04Editors and early adoptersOriginal Chinese · 编辑与早期采用者Service pool
- 0.03Unallocated background contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未分配的背景贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Max Planck Society: Max Planck and the KWG ↗Original Chinese label · 马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG
- Nobel Prize: Physics Prize, 1901–2000 ↗Original Chinese label · 诺贝尔奖：1901—2000年物理学奖
02Entropy, irreversibility, physicochemical equilibrium and transmission of thermodynamic knowledge熵、不可逆性、物理化学平衡与热力学知识交付OUT-SL0058-1879-THERMODYNAMICS-EQUILIBRIUM-TEXTBOOK
Record year1879
Original Chinese · record year
1879
summaryConducted research around the second law, entropy, irreversibility and physicochemical equilibrium, and systematized related knowledge via thermodynamics textbooks; Clausius, Boltzmann, Gibbs and the research network constitute clearly identified antecedents.
Original Chinese · summary
围绕第二定律、熵、不可逆性和物理化学平衡开展研究，并以热力学教材系统化相关知识；Claudius、Boltzmann、Gibbs 与研究网络构成明确前史。
M rationaleApplying the second law to multiple classes of physicochemical equilibria and forming a continuously usable unified textbook framework belongs to cross-problem theoretical methods and knowledge delivery, rated M5.4. Not reading the original papers one by one only affects the attribution of specific propositions, not the civilizational value of the proven scope.
Original Chinese · M rationale
把第二定律用于多类物理化学平衡并形成持续可用的统一教材框架，属于跨问题理论方法与知识交付，取M5.4。原始论文未逐篇读只影响具体命题归属，不降低已证scope的文明价值。
attribution rationalePlanck 0.40; thermodynamics prior development 0.30; physicochemical parallel network 0.12; editorial student adoption 0.13; unknown 0.05.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Planck 0.40；热力学前史0.30；物理化学并行网络0.12；编辑学生采用0.13；未知0.05。
overlap boundaryResearch from 1879 to 1889 on entropy, irreversible processes, physical and chemical equilibria, phase transitions, and electrolyte solutions, as well as the delivery of thermodynamics textbooks repeatedly expanded and revised to unify equilibrium discussions via entropy maximization. Research and textbooks are combined as one item; does not claim the laws of Clausius, Boltzmann, or Gibbs, nor overlaps with blackbody radiation.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1879至1889年围绕熵、不可逆过程、物理和化学平衡、相变与电解质溶液的研究，以及以熵极大统一平衡讨论并反复扩订的热力学教材交付。研究与教材合为一项；不领取Clausius、Boltzmann、Gibbs的定律，也不与黑体辐射重复。
Evidence gapsThe originality and priority of each chemical equilibrium proposition await item-by-item calibration.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
各化学平衡命题的独创程度和优先权待逐项校准。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.4Max PlanckOriginal Chinese · 马克斯·普朗克Person
- 0.3Clausius, Boltzmann, Gibbs, and thermodynamic prehistoryOriginal Chinese · Clausius、Boltzmann、Gibbs 与热力学前史Predecessor pool
- 0.12Physical chemistry and solution-research networkOriginal Chinese · 物理化学与溶液研究网络Parallel pool
- 0.13Editors, students, and textbook adoptersOriginal Chinese · 编辑、学生与教材采用者Service and adopter pool
- 0.05Unallocated background contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未分配的背景贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Max Planck Society: Max Planck and the KWG ↗Original Chinese label · 马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG
- Max Planck Research Library: thermodynamics lectures ↗Original Chinese label · Max Planck Research Library：热力学讲义
03Research funding reconstruction and protection measures for threatened scientists研究资助重建与受威胁科学家保护措施OUT-SL0058-1920-1946-SCIENCE-ORGANIZATION-SERVICE
Record year1920
Original Chinese · record year
1920
summaryCo-founded Notgemeinschaft to rebuild research funding, and served as president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society from 1930 to 1937; efforts to protect colleagues had clear but limited effects.
Original Chinese · summary
共同创建 Notgemeinschaft 以重建研究资助，并于1930—1937年担任 Kaiser Wilhelm Society 主席；其保护同事的努力具有明确但有限的效果。
M rationaleCo-founding and limited protection measures are specific organizational services; the actual scope is collective mechanisms and short-term protection rather than national or long-term relief, rated M3.2.
Original Chinese · M rationale
共同建制和有限保护措施是具体组织服务，实际scope为集体机制与短期保护而非全国或长期救助，取M3.2。
attribution rationalePlanck 0.30; co-founding and administration 0.25; KWG collective 0.20; supported individuals 0.10; funding agencies 0.10; unknown 0.05.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Planck 0.30；共同创建与行政0.25；KWG集体0.20；受支持者0.10；资助机构0.10；未知0.05。
overlap boundaryCo-founded a research funding reconstruction organization in 1920, and as KWG chairman spoke up for threatened colleagues and temporarily retained some Jewish scientists; did not take all KWG research for the title, and did not rewrite the final Nazification as a success.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1920年共同创建研究资助重建组织，以及任KWG主席期间为受威胁同事发声、暂留部分犹太科学家的措施；不因头衔领取KWG全部研究，不把最终纳粹化改写成成功。
Evidence gapsMeeting minutes, resource transfers, protection lists, and political decision responsibilities await verification.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
会议纪要、资源转移、保护名单及政治决策责任待核。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.3Max PlanckOriginal Chinese · 马克斯·普朗克Person
- 0.25Notgemeinschaft co-founders and administrative staffOriginal Chinese · Notgemeinschaft 共同创建者与行政人员Institution and team
- 0.2Kaiser Wilhelm Society board and staffOriginal Chinese · Kaiser Wilhelm Society 理事会与职员Institution and team
- 0.1Scientists who received supportOriginal Chinese · 获得支持的科学家Participant pool
- 0.1Funders and institutionsOriginal Chinese · 资助者与机构Support pool
- 0.05Unallocated background contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未分配的背景贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Max Planck Society: Max Planck and the KWG ↗Original Chinese label · 马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
An independent technical increment in relativity
相对论的独立技术增量
Reason Existing supplementary materials only locate an attribution issue in 1905–06; Planck’s 1906/07 original texts were not read, so the core derivation of relativity or mass–energy equivalence cannot be attributed to him as original work.
Original Chinese reason
现有补充材料只定位到1905—06年归因问题，未读 Planck 1906/07 原文，不能据此把相对论核心推导或质量—能量等价归为其独创。
Preventing the Kaiser Wilhelm Society from being Nazified
阻止 Kaiser Wilhelm Society 被纳粹化
Reason Planck spoke out for threatened colleagues and temporarily retained some Jewish scientists, but the materials clearly show that these actions ultimately only delayed and did not prevent the Nazification of the institutions.
Original Chinese reason
普朗克曾为受威胁同事发声并暂留部分犹太科学家，但资料明确显示这些行动最终只延缓、未能阻止机构被纳粹化。
Source links
- Max Planck Society: Max Planck and the KWG ↗Original Chinese label · 马克斯·普朗克学会：Max Planck 与 KWG
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
Read the method in English →