Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Steve Biko
Recorded name: 史蒂夫·比科
Steve Biko was an organizer and writer in South Africa's Black Consciousness movement.
Original Chinese introduction
史蒂夫·比科是南非黑人意识运动的组织者和作家。
Biko was an organizer and writer in South Africa's Black Consciousness movement. He helped establish the South African Students' Organisation (SASO) and worked with community-project staff on clinics, education, mutual-aid funds, and production projects. He died after detention in 1977; Truth and Reconciliation Commission records place his death within a history of injury in detention and state repression.
Original Chinese context
比科是南非黑人意识运动的组织者和写作者。他参与建立南非学生组织SASO，并与社区项目人员推动诊所、教育、互助资金和生产项目。1977年被拘押后死亡；真相与和解委员会的记录将其死亡置于拘押伤害与国家压制的历史中。
Introduction sources
- South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Steve Biko entry ↗Original Chinese label · 南非真相与和解委员会：Steve Biko条目
- South African History Online: detention, death, and aftermath ↗Original Chinese label · South African History Online：拘押、死亡及后续
- South African National Archives: Steve Biko Inquest ↗Original Chinese label · 南非国家档案馆：Steve Biko Inquest
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
2 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 2 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列2项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
2 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Black Consciousness discourse, SASO organization, and public dissemination.Black Consciousness论述、SASO组织与公开传播OUT-SL0691-1968-1977-BLACK-CONSCIOUSNESS-WRITING-AND-SASO-ORGANIZING · 1968–1977 | 6.0 | 28% | 279.720000 | 4.90 | 81.1384% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Health, education, and self-reliance services of Black Community ProgrammesBlack Community Programmes的健康、教育与自主服务OUT-SL0691-1972-1977-BLACK-COMMUNITY-PROGRAMMES-DELIVERY · 1970s | 5.4 | 13% | 65.024340 | 3.64 | 18.8616% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Black Consciousness discourse, SASO organization, and public dissemination.Black Consciousness论述、SASO组织与公开传播OUT-SL0691-1968-1977-BLACK-CONSCIOUSNESS-WRITING-AND-SASO-ORGANIZING
Record year1968–1977
summaryCombined psychological decolonization, Black autonomous organization, and practical political participation into a transmissible student-community political framework, and established an organizational vehicle led by Black members.
Original Chinese · summary
把心理去殖民、黑人自主组织和实际政治参与结合为可传播的学生—社区政治框架，并建立黑人成员主导的组织载体。
M rationaleSAHA/SAHO materials support SASO's establishment, policy discourse, publications, and community expansion, taking M6.0. Individual centralization, internal differences, insufficiently developed economic programs, and participants' risk of repression all limit M; does not inflate score based on martyrdom or posthumous symbolism.
Original Chinese · M rationale
SAHA/SAHO资料支持SASO成立、政策论述、出版与社区扩展，取M6.0。个人中心化、内部差异、经济方案未充分展开及参与者面临镇压风险均限制M；不以殉难或后世象征抬分。
attribution rationaleBiko .28, local publication/training/fieldwork execution .29, named national leadership .07, intellectual antecedents .15, publication vehicle .05, unresolved .16; the two team categories are mutually exclusive by function.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Biko .28，地方出版/训练/fieldwork执行 .29，具名全国领导 .07，思想前史 .15，出版载体 .05，未解析 .16；两类团队按职能互斥。
overlap boundary1968–1977: SASO establishment involving Biko, core Black Consciousness discourse, contemporary communications/training, and expansion to broader organizations like BPC; does not claim the entire anti-apartheid movement, the 1976 uprising, worker strikes, posthumous publications, or democratic transition.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1968–1977 Biko参与的SASO建立、Black Consciousness核心论述、同时代通讯/训练与向BPC等更广组织的扩展；不领取整个反种族隔离运动、1976起义、工人罢工、身后出版或民主转型。
Evidence gapsMust directly verify Biko's contemporary articles and SASO policy texts to distinguish individual from collective wording.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
须直接核Biko同时代文章与SASO政策文本以分清个人/集体措辞。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.28Steve BikoOriginal Chinese · 史蒂夫·比科Person
- 0.29SASO and BPC local publication, training, and fieldwork implementersOriginal Chinese · SASO、BPC地方出版、培训与外勤执行者Team
- 0.07Barney Pityana and direct SASO leadership teamOriginal Chinese · 巴尼·皮蒂亚纳与SASO领导团队Team
- 0.15Precursors in African nationalism, anti-colonial thought, and Black liberationOriginal Chinese · 非洲民族主义、反殖民与黑人解放思想前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.05SASO communications and Black-community publishing chainOriginal Chinese · SASO通讯与黑人社区出版链Institution
- 0.16Unallocated Biko Black Consciousness contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未分配的比科 黑人意识贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Archival and historical materials: www.saha.org.za ↗Original Chinese label · 档案与历史资料：www.saha.org.za
- Archival and historical materials: sahistory.org.za ↗Original Chinese label · 档案与历史资料：sahistory.org.za
- Archival and historical materials: sahistory.org.za ↗Original Chinese label · 档案与历史资料：sahistory.org.za
- Archival and historical materials: www.education.gov.za ↗Original Chinese label · 档案与历史资料：www.education.gov.za
02Health, education, and self-reliance services of Black Community ProgrammesBlack Community Programmes的健康、教育与自主服务OUT-SL0691-1972-1977-BLACK-COMMUNITY-PROGRAMMES-DELIVERY
Record year1970s
Original Chinese · record year
1970年代
summaryUnder political repression, translating the self-reliance principles of Black Consciousness into visible health education, community production, women's economic activities, publishing, and funding vehicles.
Original Chinese · summary
在政治压制下把Black Consciousness的自主原则转为可见的健康教育、社区生产、妇女经济活动、出版和资金载体。
M rationaleSouth African education department materials list specific clinics, health education, women's projects, and Zimele deliveries, taking M5.4. Scope, continuity, and actual service outcomes have only an overview, so no points are added for project lists or symbolic status.
Original Chinese · M rationale
南非教育部门资料列出具体诊所、健康教育、妇女项目和Zimele交付，取M5.4。范围、持续性和实际服务结果仅有概览，故不以项目名单或象征地位抬分。
attribution rationaleBiko .13, BCP coordination/publishing/training/non-clinical organization .31, clinics and Ithuseng field .18, Zimele religious/funding collaboration .08, methodological antecedents .10, unresolved .20; functions mutually exclusive.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Biko .13，BCP统筹/出版/培训/非临床组织 .31，诊所与Ithuseng现场 .18，Zimele宗教/资金协作 .08，方法前史 .10，未解析 .20；职能互斥。
overlap boundaryDocumented projects from the 1970s BCP including publishing/leadership training, community health centers like Zanempilo, Ithuseng, and Zimele; combined as a community delivery system, not replicating M by number of institutions, not claiming all their long-term effects.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1970年代BCP中的出版/领导训练、Zanempilo等社区健康中心、Ithuseng与Zimele等有记录项目；合为社区交付系统，不按机构数复制M，不领取其全部长期效果。
Evidence gapsIndividual actions, service volume, quality, duration, and co-leadership of each project are not resolved on a per-project basis.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
各项目的个人行动、服务量、质量、持续期和共同领导未逐项目闭合。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.13Steve BikoOriginal Chinese · 史蒂夫·比科Person
- 0.31BCP coordination, publication, training, and non-clinical local organizersOriginal Chinese · BCP协调、出版、培训与非临床地方组织者Team
- 0.18Zanempilo, Solempilo, and Ithuseng community teamsOriginal Chinese · Zanempilo、Solempilo与Ithuseng社区团队Team
- 0.08Religious leaders and Zimele Trust collaboratorsOriginal Chinese · 宗教领袖与Zimele Trust协作者Team
- 0.1Precursors in community health, mutual aid, and popular educationOriginal Chinese · 社区卫生、互助与大众教育前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.2Unallocated Biko community-project contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未分配的比科社区项目贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Archival and historical materials: www.education.gov.za ↗Original Chinese label · 档案与历史资料：www.education.gov.za
- Archival and historical materials: thepresidency.gov.za ↗Original Chinese label · 档案与历史资料：thepresidency.gov.za
- Archival and historical materials: sahistory.org.za ↗Original Chinese label · 档案与历史资料：sahistory.org.za
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Death in detention and state violence
拘押死亡与国家暴力
Reason The TRC considered it highly likely that he died from injuries in detention. This is a record of harm inflicted on Biko by state institutions, not a political achievement, and is not romanticized as a positive individual contribution.
Original Chinese reason
TRC认为其很可能死于拘押伤害；这是国家机构施加于Biko的伤害记录，不是其政治成果，也不浪漫化为个人正贡献。
Posthumous editing and circulation of collected writings
身后文集编辑与传播
Reason Posthumous compilation, commemoration, and circulation were formed by editors and movement networks and are not fed back into points for writings produced during life.
Original Chinese reason
身后编纂、纪念和传播由编辑与运动网络形成，不回灌生前文章点。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
Read the method in English →