Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Kumārajīva
Recorded name: 鸠摩罗什
Kumārajīva was a fourth- to fifth-century Buddhist translator, known for organizing the translation and explanation of Buddhist scriptures in China.
Original Chinese introduction
鸠摩罗什是四至五世纪佛教译师，以在中国组织佛典翻译和讲解著称。
His Chinese translations include the *Lotus Sūtra*, *Vimalakīrti Sūtra*, *Diamond Sūtra*, and treatises such as the *Mūlamadhyamakakārikā*. He collaborated with monks, recorders, and proofreaders at the Chang’an translation bureau, and also explained Buddhist concepts through question-and-answer exchanges with Huiyuan.
Original Chinese context
他的汉译作品包括《法华经》《维摩诘经》《金刚经》及《中论》等论书。他在长安译场与僧侣、记录者和校订者协作，也通过与慧远的问答解释佛教概念。
Introduction sources
- Source: khyentsefoundation.org ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：khyentsefoundation.org
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Family of Chinese translations of Prajñā and Madhyamaka treatises般若与中观论书的汉译成果族OUT-SL1105-402-409-PRAJNAPARAMITA-MADHYAMAKA-TRANSLATIONS · 402 | 6.4 | 23% | 364.295434 | 5.13 | 43.9066% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Family of Chinese translations of Mahāyāna sūtras including the *Lotus*, *Vimalakīrti*, *Amitābha*, and *Diamond Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras*, among others《法华》《维摩》《阿弥陀》及《金刚般若经》等大乘经汉译成果族OUT-SL1105-402-409-MAHAYANA-SUTRA-TRANSLATIONS · 402 | 6.3 | 22% | 310.538260 | 4.99 | 37.4275% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Correspondence with Huiyuan and Kumārajīva’s personal explanatory texts与慧远问答及本人解释文本OUT-SL1105-405-413-HUIYUAN-CORRESPONDENCE-EXEGESIS · 405 | 5.2 | 39% | 154.871797 | 4.39 | 18.6659% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Family of Chinese translations of Prajñā and Madhyamaka treatises般若与中观论书的汉译成果族OUT-SL1105-402-409-PRAJNAPARAMITA-MADHYAMAKA-TRANSLATIONS
Record year402
summaryTransforms a set of highly difficult argumentative texts into readable, debatable Chinese terminology and texts. This family comprises Chinese translations of long Prajñā commentarial works, including *Dàpǐn Bōrě*, and philosophical treatises including the *Mūlamadhyamakakārikā*, *Śataśāstra*, *Dvādaśadvāraśāstra*, and *Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra*; it explicitly excludes the short *Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra*, which is counted only in the second family as Mahāyāna-sūtra textual transmission; it does not score doctrinal truth value or attribute disciples’ original commentaries to Kumārajīva.
Original Chinese · summary
把一组高难度论证文本转成可读、可辩论的汉语术语和文本终态。 《大品般若》等长篇般若论释及《中论》《百论》《十二门论》《大智度论》的哲学论书汉译族；明确不含短篇《金刚般若经》，后者只在第二族按大乘经文本传递计；不以教义真值计分，不把弟子原创注疏归鸠摩罗什。
M rationaleAcademic sources confirm the Prajñā translations, the Sengzhao/Sengrui collaboration, and the scope of the Madhyamaka texts; M6.4 is assigned for cross-linguistic transmission of philosophical knowledge.
Original Chinese · M rationale
学术来源确认般若译本、Sengzhao/Sengrui协作及中观文本范围，按跨语言哲学知识传递取M6.4。
attribution rationaleKumārajīva 0.23, source authors 0.31, translation team 0.25, earlier Chinese translation tradition 0.09, Later Qin institution 0.06, unresolved 0.06.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
鸠摩罗什0.23，源作者0.31，译场团队0.25，更早汉译前史0.09，后秦机构0.06，未解析0.06。
overlap boundaryThis family comprises Chinese translations of long Prajñā commentarial works, including *Dàpǐn Bōrě*, and philosophical treatises including the *Mūlamadhyamakakārikā*, *Śataśāstra*, *Dvādaśadvāraśāstra*, and *Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra*; it explicitly excludes the short *Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra*, which is counted only in the second family as Mahāyāna-sūtra textual transmission; it does not score doctrinal truth value or attribute disciples’ original commentaries to Kumārajīva.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
《大品般若》等长篇般若论释及《中论》《百论》《十二门论》《大智度论》的哲学论书汉译族；明确不含短篇《金刚般若经》，后者只在第二族按大乘经文本传递计；不以教义真值计分，不把弟子原创注疏归鸠摩罗什。
Evidence gapsThe authorship of the Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra and the source texts for the treatises remain subjects of scholarly dispute; prefaces and postscripts are needed to distinguish who refined the Chinese wording and who recorded the oral translation for each volume.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
《大智度论》作者归属与各论书底本仍有学术争议。；逐卷中文润色者和口述记录者需序跋细分。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.23KumārajīvaOriginal Chinese · 鸠摩罗什Person
- 0.31NĀGĀRJUNA, ĀRYADEVA, AND SOURCE TEXT AUTHORS (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · NAGARJUNA ARYADEVA AND SOURCE TEXT AUTHORS（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.25SENGRUI, SENGZHAO, DAORONG, DAOSHENG, AND THE CHANG'AN TRANSLATION TEAM (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · SENGRUI SENGZHAO DAORONG DAOSHENG AND CHANGAN TRANSLATION TEAM（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.09EARLIER CHINESE BUDDHIST TRANSLATORS AND TERMINOLOGY PREHISTORY (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · EARLIER CHINESE BUDDHIST TRANSLATORS AND TERMINOLOGY PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.06YAO XING, LATER QIN DYNASTY, AND THE TRANSLATION BUREAU (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · YAO XING LATER QIN AND TRANSLATION BUREAU（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.06UNRESOLVED ATTRIBUTION TO KUMĀRAJĪVA FOR PRAJÑĀ AND MĀDHYAMAKA (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED KUMARAJIVA PRAJNA MADHYAMAKA ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: khyentsefoundation.org ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：khyentsefoundation.org
02Family of Chinese translations of Mahāyāna sūtras including the *Lotus*, *Vimalakīrti*, *Amitābha*, and *Diamond Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras*, among others《法华》《维摩》《阿弥陀》及《金刚般若经》等大乘经汉译成果族OUT-SL1105-402-409-MAHAYANA-SUTRA-TRANSLATIONS
Record year402
summaryA group of readable, teachable East Asian textual versions formed through fluent Chinese and translation-bureau discussion. The family joins Chinese transmissions of narrative/practice-oriented Mahāyāna sūtras such as the *Lotus*, *Vimalakīrti*, *Amitābha*, and *Śūraṅgama Samādhi*, together with the short *Diamond Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra*. Although the *Diamond Sūtra* belongs to the Prajñā literature, it is explicitly outside the first family’s scope of long Prajñā commentaries/Madhyamaka philosophy and is not miscalled a narrative sūtra; M is not duplicated by individual sūtra title, and the truth or falsity of theological claims is not evaluated.
Original Chinese · summary
以流畅汉语和译场讨论形成一组可阅读、可讲授的东亚文本版本。 法华、维摩、阿弥陀、首楞严三昧等叙事/实践类大乘经，加上短篇《金刚般若经》的汉译传递合族；《金刚般若经》虽属般若经典，但明确不进入第一族的长篇般若论释/中观哲学范围，也不把它误称为叙事经；不按经名复制M，不评价神学主张真假。
M rationaleBDK confirms the specific *Vimalakīrti* translation; linguistic research lists the *Lotus*, *Diamond*, *Amitābha*, and others, and explains the influence of fluent sense-for-sense translation; M6.3 is assigned for cross-linguistic textual service.
Original Chinese · M rationale
BDK确认《维摩》具体译本，语言学研究列法华、金刚、阿弥陀等并说明流畅意译影响，按跨语文本服务取M6.3。
attribution rationaleKumārajīva 0.22, Source Text Tradition 0.34, Translation Bureau Team 0.24, Earlier Translation Tradition 0.08, Institution 0.06, Unresolved 0.06.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
鸠摩罗什0.22，源文本传统0.34，译场团队0.24，前译传统0.08，机构0.06，未解析0.06。
overlap boundaryChinese transmissions of narrative/practice-oriented Mahāyāna sūtras such as the *Lotus*, *Vimalakīrti*, *Amitābha*, and *Śūraṅgama Samādhi*, together with the short *Diamond Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra*, form this family; although the *Diamond Sūtra* belongs to the Prajñā literature, it is explicitly outside the first family’s scope of long Prajñā commentaries/Madhyamaka philosophy and is not miscalled a narrative sūtra; M is not duplicated by individual sūtra title, and the truth or falsity of theological claims is not evaluated.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
法华、维摩、阿弥陀、首楞严三昧等叙事/实践类大乘经，加上短篇《金刚般若经》的汉译传递合族；《金刚般若经》虽属般若经典，但明确不进入第一族的长篇般若论释/中观哲学范围，也不把它误称为叙事经；不按经名复制M，不评价神学主张真假。
Evidence gapsThe source texts of different sūtras and the reliability of the ‘translated by Kumārajīva’ attribution require item-by-item checking against scriptural catalogues.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
不同经的底本与“鸠摩罗什译”署名可靠度需经录逐项核对。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.22KumārajīvaOriginal Chinese · 鸠摩罗什Person
- 0.34MAHAYANA SUTRA SOURCE AUTHORS AND ORAL TRADITIONS (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · MAHAYANA SUTRA SOURCE AUTHORS AND ORAL TRADITIONS（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.24SENGRUI SENGZHAO DAOSHENG DAORONG AND TRANSLATION BUREAU TEAM (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · SENGRUI SENGZHAO DAOSHENG DAORONG AND TRANSLATION BUREAU TEAM（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.08EARLIER SUTRA TRANSLATION AND CHINESE BUDDHIST PREHISTORY (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · EARLIER SUTRA TRANSLATION AND CHINESE BUDDHIST PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.06LATER QIN COURT AND CHANGAN INSTITUTIONS (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · LATER QIN COURT AND CHANGAN INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.06UNRESOLVED KUMARAJIVA SUTRA ATTRIBUTION (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED KUMARAJIVA SUTRA ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: khyentsefoundation.org ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：khyentsefoundation.org
03Correspondence with Huiyuan and Kumārajīva’s personal explanatory texts与慧远问答及本人解释文本OUT-SL1105-405-413-HUIYUAN-CORRESPONDENCE-EXEGESIS
Record year405
summaryForms cross-linguistic, cross-regional, two-way argumentative texts on specific difficult questions, rather than one-way translation. It includes the Kumārajīva–Huiyuan epistolary exchanges and documented personal explanations preserved in works such as the *Dasheng Dayi Zhang*; independent treatises by disciples such as Sengzhao are not included.
Original Chinese · summary
在具体疑难上形成跨语、跨地域的双向论辩文本，而非单向翻译。 《大乘大义章》等所保存鸠摩罗什—慧远书信问答和有据本人解释；不把弟子Sengzhao等独立论文并入。
M rationaleResearch in world literature confirms the existence of epistolary exchanges between Kumārajīva and Huiyuan. Their jointly developed arguments are assigned M5.2; religious authority brings no additional credit.
Original Chinese · M rationale
世界文学研究确认存在鸠摩罗什与慧远书信问答，按共同论辩终态取M5.2；不因宗教权威加分。
attribution rationaleKumārajīva 0.39, Huiyuan 0.30, record editing 0.12, intellectual background 0.11, institutions 0.04, unresolved 0.04.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
鸠摩罗什0.39，慧远0.30，记录编辑0.12，思想前史0.11，机构0.04，未解析0.04。
overlap boundaryIncludes the Kumārajīva–Huiyuan epistolary exchanges and documented personal explanations preserved in works such as the *Dasheng Dayi Zhang*; independent treatises by disciples such as Sengzhao are not included.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
《大乘大义章》等所保存鸠摩罗什—慧远书信问答和有据本人解释；不把弟子Sengzhao等独立论文并入。
Evidence gapsTextual criticism is required to check the authenticity, ordering, and disciples’ editorial share of each individual exchange.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需版本学核对各封问答的真伪、编次和弟子整理份额。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.39KumārajīvaOriginal Chinese · 鸠摩罗什Person
- 0.3HUIYUAN (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · HUIYUAN（预算列明角色）Person
- 0.12KUMARAJIVA DISCIPLES, SCRIBES, AND EDITORS (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · KUMARAJIVA DISCIPLES SCRIBES AND EDITORS（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.11INDIAN BUDDHIST AND CHINESE EXEGETICAL PREHISTORY (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · INDIAN BUDDHIST AND CHINESE EXEGETICAL PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.04MONASTIC AND MANUSCRIPT INSTITUTIONS (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · MONASTIC AND MANUSCRIPT INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.04UNRESOLVED KUMARAJIVA-HUIYUAN ATTRIBUTION (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED KUMARAJIVA HUIYUAN ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: khyentsefoundation.org ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：khyentsefoundation.org
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
KUMARAJIVA-VINAYA-MEDITATION-AND-OTHER-TRANSLATIONS
Reason It is clear that this may belong to the principal translation catalogue, but the sources in this round are insufficient to judge whether it should be merged into the two major translation families or constitute a distinct, independently assessable body of translated texts.
Original Chinese reason
明确可能属于主要译经目录，但本轮来源不足以判断是否应并入两大译本族或形成独立终态。
KUMARAJIVA-TRANSLATION-METHOD-AS-SEPARATE-POINT
Reason Recitation, discussion, stylistic editing, and sense-for-sense translation are already accounted for in the two groups of completed translations; no separate M is assigned again for the general method.
Original Chinese reason
诵出、讨论、润色和意译方法已由两类译本终态消费，不另复制通用方法M。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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