Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Pier Luigi Nervi
Recorded name: 皮埃尔·路易吉·奈尔维
Pier Luigi Nervi was an Italian structural engineer, architect, and builder, known for combining ferrocement, prefabricated components, and long-span concrete structures.
Original Chinese introduction
皮埃尔·路易吉·奈尔维是意大利结构工程师、建筑师和建造者，以ferrocement、预制构件和大跨度混凝土结构的结合闻名。
Nervi treated structural design, prefabricated components, and site organization as one problem. Torino Esposizioni Hall B formed a vault with corrugated prefabricated components and ribs; the Palazzetto used a finely ribbed roof; Palazzo del Lavoro covered its exhibition hall with 16 umbrella units. They tested materials, construction, and spatial expression against one another in specific buildings.
Original Chinese context
奈尔维把结构设计、预制构件和工地组织放在同一问题中处理。Torino Esposizioni Hall B以波形预制构件和肋梁形成拱顶；Palazzetto使用细密肋屋面；Palazzo del Lavoro以16个伞形单元覆盖展馆。它们让材料、构造和空间表达在具体建筑中相互检验。
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
5 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 5 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列5项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
5 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01A ferrocement and structural-prefabrication construction systemferrocement与结构预制建造体系OUT-SL2369-1940-1957-FERROCEMENT-STRUCTURAL-PREFABRICATION-SYSTEM · 1947–1957 | 5.8 | 32% | 253.865035 | 4.81 | 30.1308% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02UNESCO, major public buildings in Rome, and the international long-span structural works familyUNESCO、罗马大型公共建筑与国际大跨结构作品族OUT-SL2369-1953-1980-LATE-CIVIC-INTERNATIONAL-STRUCTURAL-CORPUS · 1950s–1970s | 6.0 | 20% | 199.800000 | 4.61 | 23.7139% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03The completed early reinforced-concrete structural works of Stadio Berta and hangarsStadio Berta与机库的早期钢筋混凝土结构终态OUT-SL2369-1929-1943-EARLY-STADIUM-HANGAR-REINFORCED-CONCRETE-CORPUS · 1929–1943 | 5.5 | 27% | 151.562158 | 4.37 | 17.9887% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 04The completed architectural validation of long spans in Hall B and the PalazzettoHall B与Palazzetto的大跨度建筑验证终态OUT-SL2369-1948-1957-HALL-B-PALAZZETTO-BUILT-VALIDATION · 1947–1957 | 5.4 | 25% | 125.046808 | 4.20 | 14.8416% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 05The modular umbrella roof and rapid on-site delivery of Palazzo del LavoroPalazzo del Lavoro模块化伞形屋顶与快速工地交付OUT-SL2369-1959-1961-PALAZZO-DEL-LAVORO-MODULAR-ROOF-DELIVERY · 1959–1961 | 5.5 | 20% | 112.268265 | 4.11 | 13.3249% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01A ferrocement and structural-prefabrication construction systemferrocement与结构预制建造体系OUT-SL2369-1940-1957-FERROCEMENT-STRUCTURAL-PREFABRICATION-SYSTEM
Record year1947–1957
summaryA construction system of ferrocement and structural prefabrication, combining thin cement layers, dense reinforcing bars/wire mesh, prefabricated components, and on-site ribs. It rests on the prehistory of reinforced concrete, thin shells, and construction techniques, and depends on Nervi & Bartoli, formwork/prefabrication teams, materials, and construction institutions; the same system is not fully repeated for every building.
Original Chinese · summary
ferrocement与结构预制的建造体系，结合薄层水泥、密集钢筋/钢丝网、预制构件和现场肋梁。它建立在钢筋混凝土、薄壳和施工工艺前史上，依赖Nervi & Bartoli、模板/预制团队、材料与建设机构；不把同一体系在每座建筑中完整重复。
M rationaleThree Politecnico project pages document the first large-scale applications, patented components, and continuity across projects, supporting M5.8; there is no engineering-category ceiling, nor are patent counts or building counts added together.
Original Chinese · M rationale
Politecnico三项目页给出大规模首次实践、专利构件和跨项目延续，支持M5.8；无工程类别上限，也不以专利数或建筑数量累加。
attribution rationaleNervi 0.32; engineering prehistory 0.21; firm 0.17; manufacturing and construction 0.15; institutions 0.06; unresolved 0.09.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Nervi 0.32；工程前史0.21；事务所0.17；制造施工0.15；机构0.06；未解析0.09。
overlap boundaryA cross-project family of construction methods involving thin-layer cement and wire-mesh/small-diameter reinforcing-bar ferrocement, prefabricated corrugated/ribbed components, and movable formwork; the specific spatial and use value of buildings is counted only as an application residual.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
薄层水泥与钢丝网/小直径钢筋ferrocement、波形/肋构件预制和可移动模板的跨项目建造方法族；具体建筑空间与使用价值只计应用残余。
Evidence gapsPatents, materials tests, and manufacturing records are needed to confirm independent scope, performance, and division of labor.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需专利、材料试验和制造记录确认独立范围、性能与团队分工。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.32Pier Luigi NerviOriginal Chinese · 皮埃尔·路易吉·奈尔维Person
- 0.21PREDECESSORS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, FERROCEMENT, PREFABRICATION, AND THIN-SHELL STRUCTURESOriginal Chinese · 钢筋混凝土、ferrocement、预制与薄壳结构前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.17Nervi & Bartoli engineers, draftsmen, and managersOriginal Chinese · Nervi & Bartoli工程师、绘图员与管理者Team
- 0.15Formwork, prefabrication, concrete, and construction-site craft teamsOriginal Chinese · 模板、预制、混凝土与工地工匠团队Team
- 0.06Clients, laboratories, and construction institutionsOriginal Chinese · 业主、实验室与建设机构Institution
- 0.09Unverified portions of the patents, materials, and division of labor in Nervi's methodsOriginal Chinese · 奈尔维方法的专利、材料与分工待核部分Unallocated
Source links
- Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi (Politecnico di Milano) ↗Original Chinese label · Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi（米兰理工大学）
- Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi (Politecnico di Milano) ↗Original Chinese label · Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi（米兰理工大学）
02UNESCO, major public buildings in Rome, and the international long-span structural works familyUNESCO、罗马大型公共建筑与国际大跨结构作品族OUT-SL2369-1953-1980-LATE-CIVIC-INTERNATIONAL-STRUCTURAL-CORPUS
Record year1950s–1970s
Original Chinese · record year
1950年代–1970年代
summaryLate public, religious, sports, and international long-span structural projects form an expanded family of engineering works, encompassing structural design and construction jointly completed by Studio Nervi with different architectural collaborators, contractors, and commissioning institutions. This entry neither repeats every building one by one nor attributes all functions and consequences of particular venues, religious bodies, or international institutions to Nervi.
Original Chinese · summary
晚期公共、宗教、体育与国际大跨度结构项目构成扩展的工程作品群，涵盖由Studio Nervi及不同建筑合作者、承包商和委托机构共同完成的结构设计与施工。此项不把每座建筑逐项重复，也不将特定场馆、宗教或国际机构的全部功能和后果归为奈尔维。
M rationaleThe MAXXI archival catalogue lists the UNESCO, Palazzo dello Sport, Pirelli, church, and related scope; sports-exhibition and Rome-structure pages confirm a material lineage from Olympic architecture to late international projects, supporting combined M6.0; it is not duplicated by building count.
Original Chinese · M rationale
MAXXI档案目录列出UNESCO、Palazzo dello Sport、Pirelli、教堂等范围，体育展览与罗马结构页确认从奥运建筑到晚期国际项目的实物谱系，支持合并M6.0；不按建筑数复制。
attribution rationaleNervi 0.20; Studio Nervi 0.18; co-architects 0.18; construction teams 0.19; prehistory 0.12; institutions 0.07; unresolved 0.06.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Nervi 0.20；Studio Nervi 0.18；共同建筑师0.18；建造团队0.19；前史0.12；机构0.07；未解析0.06。
overlap boundaryUNESCO headquarters structural collaborations from the mid-1950s to the 1970s, Palazzo dello Sport/Stadio Flaminio, the Papal Audience Hall, San Francisco Cathedral, and related international public long-span buildings are provisionally treated as one family; Hall B, Palazzetto, Palazzo del Lavoro, and general methods are separately accounted for, while unbuilt Kuwait/Swindon schemes are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1950年代中期至1970年代的UNESCO总部结构合作、Palazzo dello Sport/Stadio Flaminio、Papal Audience Hall、San Francisco Cathedral及相邻国际公共大跨建筑按一族暂估；Hall B、Palazzetto、Palazzo del Lavoro及通用方法已另账，未建Kuwait/Swindon方案排除。
Evidence gapsProject-specific drawings, contracts, and co-design archives are needed to disentangle particular roles within this broad family.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需各项目图纸、合同和共同设计档案，把宽族内具体角色拆清。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.2Pier Luigi NerviOriginal Chinese · 皮埃尔·路易吉·奈尔维Person
- 0.18Studio Nervi, Antonio, Mario, Vittorio, and engineering teamsOriginal Chinese · Studio Nervi、Antonio、Mario、Vittorio及工程团队Team
- 0.18Architectural collaborators on UNESCO, sports-venue, papal-hall, and church projectsOriginal Chinese · UNESCO、体育场馆、教廷大厅、教堂项目的建筑合作者Team
- 0.19International contractors, component manufacturers, and construction workersOriginal Chinese · 国际承包商、构件制造者与工地工人Team
- 0.12PREDECESSORS OF POSTWAR PUBLIC, RELIGIOUS, SPORTS, AND LONG-SPAN BUILDINGSOriginal Chinese · 战后公共、宗教、体育与大跨度建筑前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.07UNESCO, the Vatican, cities, and international commissioning institutionsOriginal Chinese · UNESCO、梵蒂冈、城市与国际委托机构Institution
- 0.06Unverified portions of the design, construction, and attribution of late public and international projectsOriginal Chinese · 晚期公共与国际项目的设计、施工与归属待核部分Unallocated
03The completed early reinforced-concrete structural works of Stadio Berta and hangarsStadio Berta与机库的早期钢筋混凝土结构终态OUT-SL2369-1929-1943-EARLY-STADIUM-HANGAR-REINFORCED-CONCRETE-CORPUS
Record year1929–1943
summaryEarly reinforced-concrete sports/industrial structures including Stadio Giovanni Berta and completed hangars combined long-span form, construction feasibility, and architectural expression, forming an early validation of Nervi's later design-and-construction methods. The firm, contracting and construction teams, and commissioning institutions each had roles; some hangars served military institutions, and structural delivery does not automatically represent the net consequences of wartime use.
Original Chinese · summary
Stadio Giovanni Berta及已建机库等早期钢筋混凝土体育/工业结构，结合大跨度形态、施工可行性与建筑表达，形成奈尔维后续设计—建造方法的早期验证。事务所、承包与施工团队和委托机构各有作用；部分机库服务军事机构，结构交付不自动代表战争用途的净后果。
M rationaleA MAXXI review of sports architecture identifies Stadio Berta as the starting point of systematic technical research, and the archival catalogue separately lists multiple hangar projects, supporting M5.5; catalogue presence does not mean every item was solely created by the individual.
Original Chinese · M rationale
MAXXI体育建筑回顾把Stadio Berta列为系统技术研究的起点，档案目录另列多个机库项目，支持M5.5；目录存在不等于每项均由个人独作。
attribution rationaleNervi 0.27; engineering prehistory 0.20; early firm 0.20; construction teams 0.18; institutions 0.07; unresolved 0.08.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Nervi 0.27；工程前史0.20；早期事务所0.20；施工团队0.18；机构0.07；未解析0.08。
overlap boundaryA family of early reinforced-concrete sports/industrial structural works, including Stadio Giovanni Berta and completed hangars, from around 1929 to 1943; later ferrocement patent systems, Rome Olympic architecture, and unimplemented sports schemes are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1929至1943年前后Stadio Giovanni Berta及已建机库等早期钢筋混凝土体育/工业结构作品族；后期ferrocement专利体系、罗马奥运建筑和未实施体育方案排除。
Evidence gapsSpecific hangar and Stadio Berta contracts, drawings, construction, and use archives are needed to separate projects and define the boundary of military use.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需具体机库与Stadio Berta合同、图纸、施工和使用档案拆分项目及军事用途边界。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.27Pier Luigi NerviOriginal Chinese · 皮埃尔·路易吉·奈尔维Person
- 0.2PREDECESSORS OF REINFORCED-CONCRETE STADIA, HANGARS, AND LONG-SPAN STRUCTURESOriginal Chinese · 钢筋混凝土体育场、机库与大跨度结构前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.2Engineers, draftsmen, and contracting teams of Nervi's early firmOriginal Chinese · 奈尔维早期事务所工程师、绘图员与承包团队Team
- 0.18Concrete, formwork, and on-site workers for stadia/hangarsOriginal Chinese · 体育场/机库的混凝土、模板与现场工人Team
- 0.07Florence, the Air Force, and commissioning institutionsOriginal Chinese · 佛罗伦萨、空军与委托机构Institution
- 0.08Unverified portions of the projects, collaborations, and uses of early stadia and hangarsOriginal Chinese · 早期体育场与机库的项目、合作与用途待核部分Unallocated
04The completed architectural validation of long spans in Hall B and the PalazzettoHall B与Palazzetto的大跨度建筑验证终态OUT-SL2369-1948-1957-HALL-B-PALAZZETTO-BUILT-VALIDATION
Record year1947–1957
summaryHall B at the Turin Exhibition Centre and Rome's Palazzetto provided actual architectural validation of long-span prefabrication/ferrocement: the former used corrugated prefabricated components and ribs, while the latter used a finely ribbed roof of patented prefabricated components. They are two engineering deliveries; unbuilt extensions, other buildings, and later recognition are not automatically attributed to the same individual.
Original Chinese · summary
都灵展览馆Hall B和罗马Palazzetto提供大跨度预制/ferrocement的实际建筑验证：前者采用波形预制构件与肋梁，后者采用专利预制构件的细密肋屋面。它们是两处工程交付，不把未实施扩建、其他建筑或后世认可自动归为同一人。
M rationaleBoth project pages document technical composition and completion, supporting application-residual M5.4; the same ferrocement mechanism is not reproduced in full, and unbuilt extensions are not counted.
Original Chinese · M rationale
两项目页均有技术构成和完成记录，取应用残余M5.4；不把同一ferrocement机制完整复制，也不计未实施扩建。
attribution rationaleNervi 0.25; firm 0.20; construction and manufacturing 0.22; architectural prehistory 0.13; collaboration and operations 0.08; institutions 0.06; unresolved 0.06.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Nervi 0.25；事务所0.20；施工制造0.22；建筑前史0.13；协作运营0.08；机构0.06；未解析0.06。
overlap boundaryThe completed Torino Esposizioni Hall B and Rome Palazzetto form a long-span architectural validation family for the ferrocement/prefabrication system; general methods have already been consumed by the methods outcome, while Sottsass's unbuilt extension, later operations, and all other sports buildings are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
已完成的Torino Esposizioni Hall B与Rome Palazzetto作为ferrocement/预制体系的大跨度建筑验证族；一般方法已由方法点消费，Sottsass未实施扩建、后世运营和所有体育建筑排除。
Evidence gapsContracts, construction drawings, worker records, and safety/conservation records are needed to distinguish responsibility for the two projects.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需合同、施工图、工人档案及安全/保全记录细分两项目责任。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.25Pier Luigi NerviOriginal Chinese · 皮埃尔·路易吉·奈尔维Person
- 0.2Nervi & Bartoli project engineers and draftsmenOriginal Chinese · Nervi & Bartoli项目工程师与绘图员Team
- 0.22Prefabrication and construction-site workers for Hall B and the PalazzettoOriginal Chinese · Hall B与Palazzetto的预制和工地工人Team
- 0.13PREDECESSORS IN ARCHITECTURE, STRUCTURES, AND SPORTS VENUESOriginal Chinese · 建筑、结构与体育场馆前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.08Clients, design collaborators, and operatorsOriginal Chinese · 业主、设计合作者与运营者Team
- 0.06Turin and Rome construction and sports institutionsOriginal Chinese · 都灵、罗马建设与体育机构Institution
- 0.06Unverified portions of the design, construction, and versions of Hall B and the PalazzettoOriginal Chinese · Hall B与Palazzetto的设计、施工与版本待核部分Unallocated
Source links
- Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi (Politecnico di Milano) ↗Original Chinese label · Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi（米兰理工大学）
- Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi (Politecnico di Milano) ↗Original Chinese label · Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi（米兰理工大学）
05The modular umbrella roof and rapid on-site delivery of Palazzo del LavoroPalazzo del Lavoro模块化伞形屋顶与快速工地交付OUT-SL2369-1959-1961-PALAZZO-DEL-LAVORO-MODULAR-ROOF-DELIVERY
Record year1959–1961
summaryPalazzo del Lavoro organized a large exhibition hall with 16 40-meter umbrella-roof units, steel beams, and prefabrication/formwork techniques, and was completed within 1960. Antonio Nervi, Gino Covre, Nervi & Bartoli, FIAT's construction division, and site workers all had named or institutional roles.
Original Chinese · summary
Palazzo del Lavoro以16个40米伞形屋顶单元、钢梁和预制/模板工艺组织大展馆，并在1960年内完成。Antonio Nervi、Gino Covre、Nervi & Bartoli、FIAT建设部门和工地工人均有具名或机构角色。
M rationaleA Politecnico project page provides the three named designers, the 16-unit technique, construction and FIAT construction management, and the actual completion period, supporting M5.5.
Original Chinese · M rationale
Politecnico项目页给出具名三位设计者、16单元技术、承建与FIAT施工管理以及实际完工期，支持M5.5。
attribution rationaleNervi 0.20; Antonio 0.11; Covre 0.11; Nervi&Bartoli 0.16; FIAT/construction 0.18; prehistory 0.11; institutions 0.07; unresolved 0.06.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Nervi 0.20；Antonio 0.11；Covre 0.11；Nervi&Bartoli 0.16；FIAT/施工0.18；前史0.11；机构0.07；未解析0.06。
overlap boundaryFrom 1959 to 1961, Palazzo del Lavoro used 16 40-meter roof units, steel beams, concrete columns, movable formwork, and rapid site organization; general ferrocement methods, later maintenance, and the whole Italia 61 event are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1959至1961年Palazzo del Lavoro的16个40米屋顶单元、钢梁、混凝土柱、可移动模板和快速现场组织；一般ferrocement方法、后世维护与整个Italia 61活动排除。
Evidence gapsContracts, structural calculations, and construction archives are needed to check the division of labor among the three designers, Ponti, the firm, and FIAT.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需合同、结构计算和施工档案核对三位设计者、Ponti、事务所与FIAT分工。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.2Pier Luigi NerviOriginal Chinese · 皮埃尔·路易吉·奈尔维Person
- 0.11Antonio Nervi (co-designer of Palazzo del Lavoro)Original Chinese · Antonio Nervi（Palazzo del Lavoro共同设计者）Person
- 0.11Gino Covre (co-designer of Palazzo del Lavoro)Original Chinese · Gino Covre（Palazzo del Lavoro共同设计者）Person
- 0.16Nervi & Bartoli engineering and construction teamOriginal Chinese · Nervi & Bartoli工程与施工团队Team
- 0.18FIAT construction division and site workersOriginal Chinese · FIAT建设部门与工地工人Team
- 0.11PREDECESSORS OF MODULAR ROOFS, STEEL/CONCRETE, AND EXHIBITION HALLSOriginal Chinese · 模块屋顶、钢/混凝土与展览馆前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.07Turin Italia '61 commissioning institutionOriginal Chinese · 都灵 Italia ’61委托机构Institution
- 0.06Unverified portions of the design, site work, and delivery of Palazzo del LavoroOriginal Chinese · Palazzo del Lavoro的设计、工地与交付待核部分Unallocated
Source links
- Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi (Politecnico di Milano) ↗Original Chinese label · Laboratorio Pier Luigi Nervi（米兰理工大学）
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Building-by-building contracts, drawings, construction, and use boundaries for late public and international projects
晚期公共与国际项目的逐建筑合同、图纸、施工和用途边界
Reason They have been added as a works family, but current sources still cannot distinguish design, construction, operation, and social use building by building.
Original Chinese reason
已补为作品群，但当前来源尚不能逐座细分设计、施工、运营及社会用途。
Teaching and writings
教学与论著
Reason Course materials, propositions of the writings, and adoption evidence are lacking; independent delivery cannot be inferred from the status of professor or author.
Original Chinese reason
缺课程、著作命题和采用资料，不能从教授或作者身份推定独立交付。
Unbuilt extensions and the later 'Nervi style'
未实施扩建与后世“Nervi风格”
Reason The Sottsass extension related to Hall B was not built; later use/evaluation by media, architects, and engineers has independent authors.
Original Chinese reason
Hall B相关Sottsass扩建未实施；后世媒体、建筑师和工程师的使用/评价有独立作者。
Item-by-item assessment of material safety, construction workers, and division of labor in patents
材料安全、施工工人和专利分工的逐项判断
Reason Original patents, tests, contracts, and site archives are needed to define method reliability and participant contributions.
Original Chinese reason
需要专利原文、测试、合同和工地档案来界定方法可靠性与参与者贡献。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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