Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Édouard Belin
Recorded name: 爱德华·贝兰
Édouard Belin was a French inventor known for the bélinographe, a device for transmitting images over distance.
Original Chinese introduction
爱德华·贝兰是法国发明家，以图像远传设备 bélinographe 闻名。
His bélinographe converted photographs into transmissible signals, first for wired transmission and later for wireless photo transmission. His experiments also involved early television-image analysis and photoelectric timekeeping devices.
Original Chinese context
他的bélinographe将照片转换为可传送的信号，先用于有线传输，再发展到无线照片传输。他的实验还涉及早期电视图像分析和光电计时装置。
Introduction sources
- Source: cnum.cnam.fr ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：cnum.cnam.fr
- Source: www.cameramuseum.ch ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.cameramuseum.ch
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Bélinographe wired and wireless photograph-transmission systemBélinographe有线与无线照片传输系统OUT-SL2519-1907-1925-BELINOGRAPH-PHOTOTELEGRAPHY · 1907 | 5.8 | 34% | 269.731600 | 4.87 | 64.0347% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Photoelectric time-signal transmission and recording chronometry apparatus光电授时发射与记录计时装置OUT-SL2519-1911-1927-PHOTOELECTRIC-TIME-SIGNAL-CHRONOMETRY · 1911 | 4.9 | 29% | 81.443105 | 3.83 | 19.3347% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Télégraphoscope and early television-image analysis experimentsTélégraphoscope及早期电视图像分析实验OUT-SL2519-1907-1927-TELEGRAPHOSCOPE-TELEVISION-EXPERIMENTS · 1907 | 4.8 | 28% | 70.052820 | 3.70 | 16.6306% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Bélinographe wired and wireless photograph-transmission systemBélinographe有线与无线照片传输系统OUT-SL2519-1907-1925-BELINOGRAPH-PHOTOTELEGRAPHY
Record year1907
summaryIt transformed existing image transmission into a news-photograph workflow of about six minutes, transmissible by telephone/telegraph and further by radio. The 1907 closed-circuit image transmission, 1913 portable transmitter, 1921 wireless belinogram, and 1925 halftone-photograph chain constitute one iterative system; general fax and later fax machines are not attributed to Belin.
Original Chinese · summary
把既有图像传输改造成约六分钟、可由电话/电报并进一步经无线传送的新闻照片工作流。 1907闭路图像传输、1913便携发射器、1921无线belinogram及1925半色调照片链作为一个迭代系统；不把一般传真或后来传真机归Belin。
M rationaleThe CNAM chronology records continuous iteration from 1907–25, and the Camera Museum specifies telephone/telegraph photo transmission and an outcome of about six minutes; it is rated M5.8 for actual system delivery.
Original Chinese · M rationale
CNAM年表记录1907–25连续迭代，Camera Museum明确电话/电报传照与约六分钟终态；按实际系统交付取M5.8。
attribution rationaleBelin 0.34, experimental team 0.18, Korn 0.09, general prior work 0.14, institutions 0.10, operations 0.05, unresolved 0.10.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Belin 0.34，实验团队0.18，Korn 0.09，一般前史0.14，机构0.10，操作0.05，未解析0.10。
overlap boundaryThe 1907 closed-circuit image transmission, 1913 portable transmitter, 1921 wireless belinogram, and 1925 halftone-photograph chain constitute one iterative system; general fax and later fax machines are not attributed to Belin.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1907闭路图像传输、1913便携发射器、1921无线belinogram及1925半色调照片链作为一个迭代系统；不把一般传真或后来传真机归Belin。
Evidence gapsItem-by-item patents and laboratory rosters are needed to confirm engineering roles and the details of Korn's technology transfer.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需逐项专利和实验室名册确认工程角色及Korn技术传递细节。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.34Édouard BelinOriginal Chinese · 爱德华·贝兰Person
- 0.18BELIN LABORATORY ENGINEERS TECHNICIANS AND MANUFACTURING TEAM (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · BELIN LABORATORY ENGINEERS TECHNICIANS AND MANUFACTURING TEAM（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.09Arthur KornOriginal Chinese · 阿瑟·科恩Person
- 0.14BAIN CASELLI MEYER LENOIR AND IMAGE TELEGRAPHY PREHISTORY (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · BAIN CASELLI MEYER LENOIR AND IMAGE TELEGRAPHY PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.1TELEGRAPH TELEPHONE RADIO AND PRESS INSTITUTIONS (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · TELEGRAPH TELEPHONE RADIO AND PRESS INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.05REPORTERS OPERATORS AND CONTEMPORARY DEPLOYMENT TEAM (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · REPORTERS OPERATORS AND CONTEMPORARY DEPLOYMENT TEAM（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.1UNRESOLVED BELINOGRAPH ATTRIBUTION (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED BELINOGRAPH ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: www.cameramuseum.ch ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.cameramuseum.ch
02Photoelectric time-signal transmission and recording chronometry apparatus光电授时发射与记录计时装置OUT-SL2519-1911-1927-PHOTOELECTRIC-TIME-SIGNAL-CHRONOMETRY
Record year1911
summaryIt improved the generation and recording of time signals through photoelectric reading and recording apparatus. The 1913 time-signal transmitter, photoelectric-reading transmitter, and recording chronograph listed in the CNAM exhibition are treated together as a family of precision timekeeping equipment; general wireless time signals are not attributed to Belin.
Original Chinese · summary
以光电读取和记录装置改善授时信号的生成与记录。 CNAM展览所列1913授时发射、光电读取发射器及记录chronograph合为一个精密计时设备族；不把一般无线授时归Belin。
M rationaleCNAM has a separate “contributions to timekeeping” section and lists the 1913 signal, photoelectric transmitter, and recorder; pending M4.9 is assigned for a tool outcome supported by physical-object cataloguing.
Original Chinese · M rationale
CNAM为其设“对计时的贡献”独立板块并列出1913信号、光电发射和记录器，按有实物目录支持的工具终态暂取M4.9。
attribution rationaleBelin 0.29, team 0.18, prior work 0.25, institutions 0.11, unresolved 0.17.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Belin 0.29，团队0.18，前史0.25，机构0.11，未解析0.17。
overlap boundaryThe 1913 time-signal transmitter, photoelectric-reading transmitter, and recording chronograph listed in the CNAM exhibition are treated together as a family of precision timekeeping equipment; general wireless time signals are not attributed to Belin.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
CNAM展览所列1913授时发射、光电读取发射器及记录chronograph合为一个精密计时设备族；不把一般无线授时归Belin。
Evidence gapsOriginal equipment descriptions or records from time-signal institutions are needed to establish performance, adoption, and co-engineers.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需要原设备说明或授时机构记录确认性能、采用与共同工程师。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.29Édouard BelinOriginal Chinese · 爱德华·贝兰Person
- 0.18BELIN CHRONOMETRY ENGINEERS AND OPERATORS (roles specified in the attribution budget)Original Chinese · BELIN CHRONOMETRY ENGINEERS AND OPERATORS（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.25WIRELESS TIME SIGNAL AND CHRONOGRAPH PREHISTORY (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · WIRELESS TIME SIGNAL AND CHRONOGRAPH PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.11EIFFEL TOWER RADIO OBSERVATORY AND CNAM INSTITUTIONS (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · EIFFEL TOWER RADIO OBSERVATORY AND CNAM INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.17UNRESOLVED BELIN CHRONOMETRY ATTRIBUTION (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED BELIN CHRONOMETRY ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: www.cameramuseum.ch ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.cameramuseum.ch
03Télégraphoscope and early television-image analysis experimentsTélégraphoscope及早期电视图像分析实验OUT-SL2519-1907-1927-TELEGRAPHOSCOPE-TELEVISION-EXPERIMENTS
Record year1907
summaryApplied his image-scanning experience to apparatuses for analysing moving/visible images, producing independent experimental artefacts. The 1907 telegraphoscope and the 1926–27 mechanical-television line with Holweck are limited to experimental and demonstration outcomes; they do not claim electronic television, broadcast services, or the subsequent television industry.
Original Chinese · summary
将其图像扫描经验用于动态/可视图像分析装置，形成独立实验实物。 1907 telegraphoscope与1926–27同Holweck的机械电视路线，限于实验与演示终态；不领取电子电视、广播服务或后继电视产业。
M rationaleA CNAM collection exhibition treats the telegraphoscope, visibility thresholds, and the origins of cathode television as separate sections; the institutional history further identifies it as an early image-analysis apparatus. M4.8 is assigned on the basis of the experimental artefact.
Original Chinese · M rationale
CNAM馆藏展览把telegraphoscope、可见阈值和阴极电视起源列为独立板块，另馆史明确其为早期图像分析装置；按实验实物取M4.8。
attribution rationaleBelin 0.28, Holweck 0.13, experimental team 0.16, prior work 0.21, institutions 0.08, unresolved 0.14.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Belin 0.28，Holweck 0.13，实验团队0.16，前史0.21，机构0.08，未解析0.14。
overlap boundaryThe 1907 telegraphoscope and the 1926–27 mechanical-television line with Holweck are limited to experimental and demonstration outcomes; they do not claim electronic television, broadcast services, or the subsequent television industry.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1907 telegraphoscope与1926–27同Holweck的机械电视路线，限于实验与演示终态；不领取电子电视、广播服务或后继电视产业。
Evidence gapsThe original demonstration report still lacks resolution, moving-image capability, and the specific division of work between Belin and Holweck.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
尚缺原演示报告的分辨率、动态能力及Belin/Holweck具体分工。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.28Édouard BelinOriginal Chinese · 爱德华·贝兰Person
- 0.13FERNAND HOLWECK (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · FERNAND HOLWECK（预算列明角色）Person
- 0.16BELIN HOLWECK LABORATORY TEAM (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · BELIN HOLWECK LABORATORY TEAM（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.21NIPKOW WEILLER AND EARLY TELEVISION PREHISTORY (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · NIPKOW WEILLER AND EARLY TELEVISION PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.08CNAM RADIO AND DEMONSTRATION INSTITUTIONS (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · CNAM RADIO AND DEMONSTRATION INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.14UNRESOLVED BELIN TELEVISION ATTRIBUTION (roles specified in the budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED BELIN TELEVISION ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: www.cameramuseum.ch ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：www.cameramuseum.ch
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
BELIN-PHOTOGRAPHIC-CINEMATOGRAPHIC-DEVICES
Reason The CNAM catalogue confirms the category of artefact, but this round lacks sufficient facts about performance and independent increment; M is not inflated by the number of exhibits.
Original Chinese reason
CNAM目录确认实物门类，但本轮没有足够性能和独立增量事实，未以展品数凑M。
BELIN-PHONOGRAPH-STUDIES
Reason Only the exhibition-catalogue title is available, so the delivery cannot be defined.
Original Chinese reason
仅有展览目录标题，无法界定交付。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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