Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Frank Gray
Recorded name: 弗兰克·格雷
Frank Gray was a Bell Telephone Laboratories researcher who participated in developing television image transmission, pulse coding, and reflected binary code.
Original Chinese introduction
弗兰克·格雷是贝尔电话实验室研究者，参与电视图像传输、脉冲编码和反射二进制编码的发展。
Reflected binary code changes only one bit between adjacent code values, helping address misreading during state transitions. Gray also participated in Bell Labs' early television-scanning and image-transmission experiments.
Original Chinese context
反射二进制码让相邻编码只改变一位，便于处理状态转换中的误读问题。格雷也参与贝尔实验室的早期电视扫描与图像传输实验。
Introduction sources
- Source: patents.google.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：patents.google.com
- Source: patents.google.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：patents.google.com
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
2 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 2 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列2项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
2 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Reflected binary pulse coding and encoding/decoding device (Gray code)反射二进制脉冲编码及编解码装置（Gray code）OUT-SL2525-1947-1953-REFLECTED-BINARY-PULSE-CODE · 1947 | 5.9 | 34% | 302.685319 | 4.96 | 71.0228% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Mechanical-electronic television scanning and image transmission engineering family机械—电子电视扫描与图像传输工程族OUT-SL2525-1927-1941-TELEVISION-SCANNING-IMAGE-TRANSMISSION · 1927 | 5.5 | 22% | 123.495092 | 4.19 | 28.9772% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Reflected binary pulse coding and encoding/decoding device (Gray code)反射二进制脉冲编码及编解码装置（Gray code）OUT-SL2525-1947-1953-REFLECTED-BINARY-PULSE-CODE
Record year1947
summaryLinking adjacent-amplitude, one-change reflection codes with specific transmitting, converting, and receiving devices to form an implementable communication scheme. Applied in 1947 and published in 1953 as US2632058: encoding, conversion, and decoding of reflected binary codes in pulse communication. Counts only Gray's communication implementation and clear formalization increment, not the invention of all adjacent-one-bit codes or all later applications.
Original Chinese · summary
把相邻幅度仅一位变化的反射码与具体发送、转换、接收装置连成可实施通信方案。 1947申请、1953公开的US2632058：反射二进制码在脉冲通信中的编码、转换和解码；只计Gray的通信实现与清晰形式化增量，不声称发明一切相邻一位码或后世所有应用。
M rationaleThe original patent directly provides properties, naming, formulas, and multiple embodiments; taking M5.9 as a transferable tool across electronics/computing; the later naming 'Gray code' does not replace the antecedent review.
Original Chinese · M rationale
原专利直接给出性质、命名、公式和多种实施例，按跨电子/计算可迁移工具取M5.9；“Gray code”后世命名不替代前史审查。
attribution rationaleGray 0.34, Bell team 0.16, abstract/coding antecedents 0.22, work cited in the patent 0.09, Bell Labs 0.07, unresolved 0.12.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Gray 0.34，Bell团队0.16，抽象/编码前史0.22，专利所引工作0.09，Bell Labs0.07，未解析0.12。
overlap boundaryApplied in 1947 and published in 1953 as US2632058: encoding, conversion, and decoding of reflected binary codes in pulse communication. Counts only Gray's communication implementation and clear formalization increment, not the invention of all adjacent-one-bit codes or all later applications.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1947申请、1953公开的US2632058：反射二进制码在脉冲通信中的编码、转换和解码；只计Gray的通信实现与清晰形式化增量，不声称发明一切相邻一位码或后世所有应用。
Evidence gapsFurther historical mathematical sources are needed to define the appearance of reflection sequences before Gray's application and his independent abstract contribution; The specific collaboration of Bell Labs colleagues listed in the patent has not been resolved by experimental logs.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需数学史源进一步界定反射序列在Gray申请前的出现与其独立抽象贡献。；专利列举的Bell Labs同事具体协作尚未由实验日志解析。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.34Frank GrayOriginal Chinese · 弗兰克·格雷Person
- 0.16Bell Labs pulse-code engineers and technicians (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · BELL LABS PULSE CODE ENGINEERS AND TECHNICIANS（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.22Reflected-binary, combinatorial, and coding prehistory (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · REFLECTED BINARY COMBINATORIAL AND CODING PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.09Goodall, Sears, Reeves, Pierce, and cited pulse-code work (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · GOODALL SEARS REEVES PIERCE AND CITED PULSE CODE WORK（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.07Bell Telephone Laboratories (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.12Unresolved Gray-code attribution (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED GRAY CODE ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: patents.google.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：patents.google.com
- Source: patents.google.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：patents.google.com
02Mechanical-electronic television scanning and image transmission engineering family机械—电子电视扫描与图像传输工程族OUT-SL2525-1927-1941-TELEVISION-SCANNING-IMAGE-TRANSMISSION
Record year1927
Original Chinese · record year
1927
summaryProviding patented devices and theoretical engineering increments around hue transmission, image current generation, and scanning signal relationships. Bell Labs television experiments around 1927, the 1930 electro-optical image hue transmission patent, and the 1941 television scanning system documents are combined into one evolutionary engineering family; not claiming the total invention of television, the broadcasting industry, or subsequent electronic television.
Original Chinese · summary
围绕色调传输、图像电流生成和扫描信号关系提供专利化装置与理论工程增量。 1927前后Bell Labs电视实验、1930电光图像色调传输专利与1941电视扫描系统文件合为一个演化工程族；不领取电视总发明、广播产业或后继电子电视。
M rationaleThe two original patents clearly identify Gray, Bell Labs as assignee, and specific electro-optical/scanning objectives; taking M5.5 as an implementable engineering family, team delivery and extensive antecedents significantly dilute the individual share.
Original Chinese · M rationale
两份原专利明确Gray、Bell Labs受让及具体电光/扫描目标；按可实施工程族取M5.5，团队交付与广泛前史显著稀释个人份额。
attribution rationaleGray 0.22, Ives 0.14, Bell team 0.25, prior development 0.17, institutions 0.08, unresolved 0.14.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Gray 0.22，Ives 0.14，Bell团队0.25，前史0.17，机构0.08，未解析0.14。
overlap boundaryThe Bell Labs television experiments around 1927, the 1930 patent for electrical-optical image tone transmission, and the 1941 television scanning system document are combined into one evolutionary engineering lineage; it does not claim the general invention of television, the broadcasting industry, or subsequent electronic television.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1927前后Bell Labs电视实验、1930电光图像色调传输专利与1941电视扫描系统文件合为一个演化工程族；不领取电视总发明、广播产业或后继电子电视。
Evidence gapsThe original Bell System Technical Journal articles and experimental rosters are needed to define the specific modules of Gray, Ives, and other engineers; existing evidence is insufficient to quantify the deployment scale of their system.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需Bell System Technical Journal原文和实验名册界定Gray、Ives及其他工程师的具体模块。；现有证据不足以量化其系统的部署规模。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.22Frank GrayOriginal Chinese · 弗兰克·格雷Person
- 0.14Herbert E. Ives (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · HERBERT E IVES（预算列明角色）Person
- 0.25Bell Labs television engineers, technicians, and demonstration team (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · BELL LABS TELEVISION ENGINEERS TECHNICIANS AND DEMONSTRATION TEAM（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.17Mechanical television, telephotography, and scanning prehistory (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · MECHANICAL TELEVISION TELEPHOTOGRAPHY AND SCANNING PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.08Bell Telephone Laboratories and network facilities (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · BELL TELEPHONE LABORATORIES AND NETWORK FACILITIES（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.14Unresolved Gray television attribution (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED GRAY TELEVISION ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
- Source: patents.google.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：patents.google.com
- Source: patents.google.com ↗Original Chinese label · 来源：patents.google.com
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
FRANK-GRAY-OTHER-PATENTS-AND-OPTICAL-RESEARCH
Reason Material directly connected with television scanning is included in the second outcome; material without a verified independent major end state is not scored by patent count.
Original Chinese reason
与电视扫描直接相连者由第二点消费；未核到独立主要终态者不按专利数计分。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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