Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
William Kelly
Recorded name: 威廉·凯利
William Kelly was an American ironworks operator and inventor who investigated reducing fuel needed for ironmaking by blowing air through molten iron.
Original Chinese introduction
威廉·凯利是美国铁厂经营者和发明者，研究通过向熔铁送风来减少炼铁所需燃料。
Kelly tested air decarburization at an ironworks in Kentucky and received a U.S. patent in 1857. His experiments were independent of Bessemer's; a process capable of reliably producing the required steel also depended on Mushet's carbon control, Bessemer's converter design, and engineering teams.
Original Chinese context
凯利在肯塔基的铁厂试验空气脱碳，1857年获得美国专利。他与贝塞麦的试验独立进行；能够稳定生产所需钢材的工艺，还依靠马歇特的碳含量控制、贝塞麦的转炉设计及工程团队。
Introduction sources
- American Chemical Society: Kelly air-iron process ↗Original Chinese label · 美国化学会：凯利空气炼铁工艺
- IEEE: Kelly's 1857 patent ↗Original Chinese label · IEEE：1857年凯利专利
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
1 included contribution has incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 1 outcome within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列1项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
1 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Kelly–Bessemer independent air decarburization, converter, and early commercial steel-process integrationKelly—Bessemer独立空气脱碳、转炉与早期商业钢法整合OUT-SL0204-1855-1865-AIR-BLOWN-STEEL-CONVERTER · 1851–1866 | 6.2 | 13% | 163.530304 | 4.43 | 100.0000% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Kelly–Bessemer independent air decarburization, converter, and early commercial steel-process integrationKelly—Bessemer独立空气脱碳、转炉与早期商业钢法整合OUT-SL0204-1855-1865-AIR-BLOWN-STEEL-CONVERTER
Record year1851–1866
summaryTwo independent British and American routes of air-driven decarburization, together with carbon-content control, converter structure, and early rights consolidation, formed a usable process.
Original Chinese · summary
英美两条独立送风脱碳路线，与碳含量控制、转炉结构和早期权利整合共同形成可用工艺。
M rationaleM6.2 is estimated for the same general process formed through independent air-driven decarburization, carbon-content control, and early converter engineering; furnace-gas and high-temperature-labor risks are included, without claiming all downstream industrial benefits.
Original Chinese · M rationale
按独立送风脱碳、碳含量控制与早期转炉工程形成的同一通用工艺估计M6.2；纳入炉内气体与高温劳动风险，不领取下游全部产业收益。
attribution rationaleBessemer 34%; Kelly 13%; Mushet 14%; British engineering and Barrow team 14%; U.S. 1866 rights consolidation 7%; prior development 8%; unresolved 10%.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
贝塞麦34%、凯利13%、马歇特14%、英国工程与巴罗团队14%、美国1866年权利整合7%、前史8%、未解析10%。
overlap boundaryA transatlantic shared parent outcome of about 1851–1866: Kelly independently tested forced air to decarburize molten iron in the United States and received an 1857 patent; Bessemer independently discovered the same core phenomenon, publicized it, and developed the tilting converter and British commercialization; Mushet added carbon control; by 1866, U.S. patent holders consolidated interests and formed the Pneumatic Steel Association, creating an entry point for rights consolidation and factory implementation. Excludes post-1866 U.S. expansion, Thomas basic dephosphorization, later open-hearth and oxygen processes, global steel output, and downstream industrial benefits.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
约1851–1866的跨大西洋共享母成果：Kelly在美国独立试验强制空气使熔铁脱碳并取得1857专利；Bessemer独立发现同一核心现象、公开并发展倾转转炉与英国商业化；Mushet加入碳控制；截至1866，美国专利权人合并利益并成立Pneumatic Steel Association，形成权利与工厂化入口。排除1866年后的美国扩产、Thomas碱性脱磷、后续平炉/氧气法、全球钢产量与下游工业收益。
Evidence gapsSpecific workers, furnace builders, and test records at Kelly's ironworks are unnamed and remain UNALLOCATED. Martien did have a patent scheme for blowing air into molten metal in a trough, but whether the device was installed, its actual usability, and its causal input to the mature steel process are insufficiently established, so no named allocation is made for now. Quantitative comparison of high-temperature labor, furnace-top gas, and the full fuel-and-ore lifecycle is lacking; no process-specific severe net harm sufficient to trigger D06_HOLD has currently been found, and new counter-evidence must reopen the assessment.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
Kelly铁厂具体工人、炉体制造者和试验记录未具名，留UNALLOCATED。；Martien确有把空气通入流槽金属的专利方案，但装置是否安装、实际可用性及对成熟钢法的因果输入不足，暂不具名切分。；高温劳动、炉顶气体、燃料/矿石全生命周期尚无定量比较；当前未发现足以触发D06_HOLD的工艺特异严重净伤害，新增反证时必须重开。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.34Henry BessemerOriginal Chinese · 亨利·贝塞麦Person
- 0.13William KellyOriginal Chinese · 威廉·凯利Person
- 0.14Robert MushetPerson
- 0.08Bessemer works and early British converter engineering teamsOriginal Chinese · 贝塞麦工厂与英国早期转炉工程团队Team
- 0.06Barrow converter manufacturing and operations teamOriginal Chinese · 巴罗转炉制造与运行团队Team
- 0.07U.S. pneumatic-steel association and 1866 rights-consolidation teamOriginal Chinese · 美国气动钢协会与1866年权利整合团队Team
- 0.08Precursors in ironmaking, air-blast metallurgy, and furnace technologyOriginal Chinese · 炼铁、鼓风冶金与炉体技术前驱Predecessor pool
- 0.1Unresolved early Anglo-American air-steelmaking contributionsOriginal Chinese · 未解析的英美早期空气炼钢贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Primary patents and process history: www.acs.org ↗Original Chinese label · 原始专利与工艺史：www.acs.org
- Primary patents and process history: reach.ieee.org ↗Original Chinese label · 原始专利与工艺史：reach.ieee.org
- Primary patents and process history: repository.si.edu ↗Original Chinese label · 原始专利与工艺史：repository.si.edu
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Kelly–Bessemer U.S. patent interference
Kelly—Bessemer美国专利干涉
Reason Legal priority affects attribution boundaries but did not create a civilizational end state independent of the parent steelmaking outcome.
Original Chinese reason
法律优先权影响归功边界，但未形成独立于制钢母成果的文明终态。
General operations of the Kelly ironworks and other metallurgical activity
Kelly铁厂一般经营与其他冶炼活动
Reason Current sources show no separable independent method or net-benefit delivery.
Original Chinese reason
现有来源没有可分的独立方法或净受益交付。
U.S. adoption and labor/environmental consequences
美国采用及劳动/环境后果
Reason The existence of a patent does not by itself establish personal credit for industrial expansion, changes in forests or coal use, labor outcomes, or military uses; the scope of net effects remains unresolved.
Original Chinese reason
不能把产业扩张、森林/煤炭变化、劳动和军用结果由专利存在直接归个人；净边界未闭合。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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