Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Ernst Stuhlinger
Recorded name: 恩斯特·施图林格
Ernst Stuhlinger was a German-American rocket scientist who worked for many years in U.S. Army and NASA Marshall space-research systems.
Original Chinese introduction
恩斯特·施图林格是德裔美国火箭科学家，长期在美国陆军与NASA Marshall体系从事航天研究。
He participated in developing electric-propulsion concepts including ion engines, and explained technical paths for deep-space flight through scientific organization, research planning, and spaceflight writings.
Original Chinese context
他参与了离子发动机等电推进概念的发展，也以科学组织、研究计划和航天著述阐释深空飞行的技术路径。
Introduction sources
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
2 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 2 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列2项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
2 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Electric propulsion spacecraft system methodology, testing, and early on-orbit verification chain.电推进飞船系统方法、试验与早期在轨验证链OUT-SL3117-1954-1970-ELECTRIC-PROPULSION-SYSTEMS · 1954 | 6.1 | 28% | 313.885167 | 5.00 | 66.9346% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Mission and spacecraft system design methodology for electric propulsion solar system exploration.电推进太阳系探测的任务与飞船系统设计方法OUT-SL3117-1962-1974-ELECTRIC-INTERPLANETARY-MISSION-DESIGN · 1962 | 5.4 | 31% | 155.058042 | 4.39 | 33.0654% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Electric propulsion spacecraft system methodology, testing, and early on-orbit verification chain.电推进飞船系统方法、试验与早期在轨验证链OUT-SL3117-1954-1970-ELECTRIC-PROPULSION-SYSTEMS
Record year1954
summaryTransforming dispersed concepts into a spacecraft system methodology encompassing thrusters, beam neutralization, power supply, mass ratio, and mission dynamics, and advancing experimentation and early flight verification. The 1954 complete electric propulsion spacecraft system analysis, ion thruster testing initiated under his supervision from 1958, progression from feasibility to flight engineering hardware in the 1960s, and early on-orbit verification via SERT 1/2; does not incorporate later mature missions such as communication satellites or Deep Space 1.
Original Chinese · summary
把分散概念转成包括推力器、束流中和、电源、质量比和任务动力学的飞船系统方法，并推动实验与早期飞行验证。 1954完整电推进飞船系统分析、其监督下1958起离子推力试验、1960年代从可行性到飞行工程硬件及SERT 1/2早期在轨验证；不把后来通信卫星、Deep Space 1等成熟任务回灌。
M rationaleNASA engineering history clearly states the 1954 paper covered all aspects of electric propulsion spacecraft, testing began under his supervision in 1958, and NASA oral history lists him as a core figure in the first wave that advanced concepts to SERT flight verification; assigned M6.1 based on the methodology to early on-orbit delivery chain.
Original Chinese · M rationale
NASA工程史明确1954论文覆盖电推进飞船各方面、1958在其监督下开始试验，NASA口述史把他列为把概念推进到SERT飞行验证的第一波核心人物；按方法至早期在轨交付链取M6.1。
attribution rationaleStuhlinger 0.28, co-authors 0.12, Marshall/Hughes/SERT team 0.30, antecedents 0.14, institutions 0.07, unresolved 0.09.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Stuhlinger0.28，共同作者0.12，Marshall/Hughes/SERT团队0.30，前史0.14，机构0.07，未解析0.09。
overlap boundaryComplete electric propulsion spacecraft system analysis in 1954, ion thruster tests starting in 1958 under his supervision, progression from feasibility to flight engineering hardware in the 1960s, and early on-orbit verification with SERT 1/2; does not retroactively credit later mature missions like communication satellites or Deep Space 1.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1954完整电推进飞船系统分析、其监督下1958起离子推力试验、1960年代从可行性到飞行工程硬件及SERT 1/2早期在轨验证；不把后来通信卫星、Deep Space 1等成熟任务回灌。
Evidence gapsSpecific engineering leads for SERT 1/2, Hughes contract team, and the share of each thruster route still require mission archives; later citations are not used to retroactively assign individual shares.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
SERT 1/2具体工程负责人、Hughes合同团队及各推力器路线份额仍需任务档案。；后世引用不用于倒灌个人份额。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.28Ernst StuhlingerOriginal Chinese · 恩斯特·施图林格Person
- 0.04Gerhard B. Heller (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · GERHARD B HELLER（预算列明角色）Person
- 0.04Robert N. Seitz (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · ROBERT N SEITZ（预算列明角色）Person
- 0.04George C. Bucher (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · GEORGE C BUCHER（预算列明角色）Person
- 0.3Marshall, Hughes, and SERT electric-propulsion teams (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · MARSHALL HUGHES SERT ELECTRIC PROPULSION TEAMS（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.14Tsiolkovsky, Goddard, Oberth, and electric-rocket prehistory (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · TSIOLKOVSKY GODDARD OBERTH AND ELECTRIC ROCKET PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.07U.S. Army, NASA Marshall, and Hughes institutions (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · US ARMY NASA MARSHALL AND HUGHES INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.09Unresolved electric-propulsion attribution (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED ELECTRIC PROPULSION ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
02Mission and spacecraft system design methodology for electric propulsion solar system exploration.电推进太阳系探测的任务与飞船系统设计方法OUT-SL3117-1962-1974-ELECTRIC-INTERPLANETARY-MISSION-DESIGN
Record year1962
summaryCorrelating low thrust, high specific impulse, power, and the time, payload, and trajectory requirements of specific solar system missions to define feasible mission categories. 1962–1974 system-level mission design and performance boundaries for executing planetary orbiting, comet, asteroid, and other deep space missions with electric propulsion; counts only reusable mission analysis methods, does not claim these concepts were built or flown at the time.
Original Chinese · summary
把低推力、高比冲、电源与具体太阳系任务的时间、载荷和轨迹要求对应起来，明确可行任务类别。 1962–1974以电推进执行行星环绕、彗星、小行星及其他深空任务的系统级任务设计与性能边界；只计可复用任务分析方法，不声称这些概念当时已建造或飞行。
M rationaleNASA NTRS records explicitly discuss papers on propulsion system mission requirements, ion thruster composition, and planetary, comet, asteroid missions; assigns M5.4 based on unimplemented but reusable mission design methods.
Original Chinese · M rationale
NASA NTRS记录明确论文讨论推进系统任务要求、离子推力器构成及行星、彗星、小行星任务；按未实施但可复用的任务设计方法取M5.4。
attribution rationaleStuhlinger 0.31, analysis team 0.23, requirements team 0.12, electric propulsion antecedents 0.17, institutions 0.06, unresolved 0.11.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Stuhlinger0.31，分析团队0.23，需求团队0.12，电推进前史0.17，机构0.06，未解析0.11。
overlap boundary1962–1974 system-level mission design and performance boundaries for executing planetary orbiting, comet, asteroid, and other deep space missions with electric propulsion; counts only reusable mission analysis methods, does not claim these concepts were built or flown at the time.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1962–1974以电推进执行行星环绕、彗星、小行星及其他深空任务的系统级任务设计与性能边界；只计可复用任务分析方法，不声称这些概念当时已建造或飞行。
Evidence gapsDid not parse co-authors, calculation teams, and specific parameter sources for the 1962 Mars concept and 1972 paper on a per-paper basis; does not treat concept diagrams as actual Mars delivery.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
未逐篇解析1962火星概念和1972论文的共同作者、计算团队及具体参数来源。；没有把概念图当作实际火星交付。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.31Ernst StuhlingerOriginal Chinese · 恩斯特·施图林格Person
- 0.23Marshall electric-spacecraft analysis team (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · MARSHALL ELECTRIC SPACECRAFT ANALYSIS TEAM（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.12Planetary scientists and mission-requirements contributors (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · PLANETARY SCIENTISTS AND MISSION REQUIREMENTS CONTRIBUTORS（预算列明角色）Team
- 0.17Electric-propulsion systems prehistory (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS PREHISTORY（预算列明角色）Predecessor pool
- 0.06NASA Marshall and publication institutions (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · NASA MARSHALL AND PUBLICATION INSTITUTIONS（预算列明角色）Institution
- 0.11Unresolved electric-mission design attribution (role specified in budget)Original Chinese · UNRESOLVED ELECTRIC MISSION DESIGN ATTRIBUTION（预算列明角色）Unallocated
Source links
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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