Élisée Reclus

Record year1876–1894

summaryWithin a unified volume series, situates Europe within global dynamics and connects natural, population, social, and political regional materials.

M rationaleM6.2 is assessed for sustained delivery across nineteen volumes, global scope, and natural–social integration, without mechanically adding by volume count. Its dependence on colonial materials and period classificatory bias are limitations of the same outcome.

attribution rationaleÉlisée Reclus 0.28; regional writers, correspondents, and local informants 0.2; Hachette editorial, cartographic, and illustration team 0.2; earlier work in colonial administrative, scientific, and statistical materials 0.12; earlier work in global regional geography 0.08; original publisher for Nouvelle Géographie Universelle 0.04; unresolved attribution for the nineteen volumes 0.08. Shares are revisable research judgments; sources do not endorse the proportions.

overlap boundaryThe global regional, natural, and social synthesis of the nineteen-volume Nouvelle Géographie Universelle, 1876–94. Excludes the general natural phenomena of La Terre, historical-social theory in L’Homme et la Terre, the original collection value of colonial materials, and later geography.

Evidence gapsColonial, racial, gender, and environmental judgments have not been checked volume by volume; the nineteen-volume coauthors, maps, and statistical sources lack a complete consumption ledger.

Record year1868–1880

summaryBeyond the two-volume synthesis of natural phenomena, it made a brook from source to sea, mountain forms, and observations of people and land into units of continuous narrative, turning physical-geography processes into readable, traceable public texts.

M rationaleThe three texts jointly cover systematic physical geography and two process narratives with independent reader-facing end states; their scope and dissemination increment exceed a single two-volume synthesis, but they do not claim the value of the later nineteen-volume regional geography.

attribution rationaleÉlisée Reclus 0.42; contributors of natural observation, data, and images 0.18; Humboldt, Ritter, and earlier 19th-century geography 0.13; Hachette editorial, cartographic, and printing team 0.14; contributors of travel observation and local knowledge 0.04; unresolved attribution for La Terre 0.09. The shares are revisable research judgments; sources do not endorse the proportions.

overlap boundaryThe account includes La Terre’s two-volume synthesis of Earth’s natural phenomena, and the independent dissemination residuals by which Histoire d’un ruisseau (1869) and Histoire d’une montagne (the 1880 settled edition) made water-system and mountain processes into readable physical geography; it no longer leaves the two popular texts uncovered and does not duplicate NGU’s global regional material.

Evidence gapsFor The Story of a Mountain, this round checked only an authoritative reprint work page and text excerpts, without chapter-by-chapter analysis; editorial and illustration responsibilities for each edition of the three books have not been fully established for each item.

Record year1905–1908

summaryIt organized the shared history of human societies and Earth’s environment into a large social-geography synthesis.

M rationaleM5.8 is assessed from the six-volume social-geography synthesis and natural–social relations framework; because its public end state was posthumous, the editorial team’s share is substantial, and the full set of volumes is not treated as a single-author lifetime delivery.

attribution rationaleÉlisée Reclus 0.32; posthumous editorial and preparation team for L’Homme et la Terre 0.24; cartography, illustration, and printing team 0.12; earlier work in social geography, history, and anarchism 0.14; contributors of correspondence, local knowledge, and historical materials 0.08; unresolved attribution for L’Homme et la Terre 0.05; geographical-synthesis inputs already accounted for 0.05. The shares are revisable research judgments; sources do not endorse the proportions.

overlap boundaryA synthesis of natural, social, historical, and libertarian-political relations in Reclus’s lifetime manuscripts and the six posthumous volumes of L’Homme et la Terre of 1905–08. It excludes the main body of NGU regional material, the single text L’anarchie, and viewpoints added by posthumous editors.

Evidence gapsThe proportion of the six volumes written during his lifetime, editorial additions, and responsibility for individual volumes remain unresolved. Systematic checking of racial, colonial, gender, and environmental judgments has not yet been done.

Record year1894–1896 and related texts

summaryIt explains anarchy as a normative proposal for anti-domination and social order, connecting geography and social ethics.

M rationaleM5.0 is assessed from explicit political texts, public speeches, and anti-domination arguments. Its value is normative argument rather than truth of belief; catalogues and research support the themes, but do not demonstrate paragraph by paragraph a complete answer to questions of violence, organization, and transition.

attribution rationaleÉlisée Reclus 0.45; anarchist interlocutors including Bakunin and Kropotkin 0.12; earlier anarchist, socialist, and anti-authoritarian thought 0.18; political speaking and publishing team 0.1; worker and anarchist organizational networks 0.06; unresolved attribution for political texts 0.09. The shares are revisable research judgments; sources do not endorse the proportions.

overlap boundaryThe 1894 speech, the 1896 L’anarchie, and political arguments of the same period concerning no masters or servants, anti-hierarchy, and social cooperation. It excludes the whole anarchist movement, violent actions, the military outcome of the Paris Commune, and the social-geography synthesis of L’Homme et la Terre.

Evidence gapsThe complete French texts of 1894/1896 and edition differences have not been read. The causal boundary with specific organizational actions and political violence remains unresolved.