Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Wernher von Braun
Recorded name: 沃纳·冯·布劳恩
Wernher von Braun (1912—1977) was a rocket-engineering organizer and space communicator who participated successively in Germany's A-4/V-2, United States Army rocket projects, and NASA Saturn launch-vehicle work. His career also involved the Nazi weapons and forced-labour systems.
Original Chinese introduction
韦纳·冯·布劳恩（1912—1977）是火箭工程组织者与航天传播者，先后参与德国A-4/V-2、美国陆军火箭项目和NASA土星运载火箭工作。其职业经历同时涉及纳粹武器及强迫劳动体系。
Liquid rockets, military funding, public spaceflight, contract manufacturing, test launches, and media communication were all jointly formed by large institutions and teams. Only separable early United States launchers, Saturn V system integration, and specific public communication are listed here as candidates; neither wartime technology nor United States spaceflight as a whole is attributed to one person.
Original Chinese context
液体火箭、军方资助、公共航天、承包制造、测试发射与媒体传播都由大型制度和团队共同形成。此处只将可分的美国早期发射器、Saturn V 系统整合和具体公众传播列为候选，并不把战争技术或美国航天整体归一人。
Introduction sources
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration: von Braun biographical profile ↗Original Chinese label · 美国国家航空航天局：冯·布劳恩人物资料
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Project Paperclip ↗Original Chinese label · 史密森尼国家航空航天博物馆：Project Paperclip
- Smithsonian: V-2 and forced-labour historical materials ↗Original Chinese label · 史密森尼：V-2 与强迫劳动史料
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Marshall integration and the Saturn V heavy-lift launch systemMarshall整合与Saturn V超重型发射系统OUT-SL0213-1960-1972-SATURN-V-LAUNCH-SYSTEM · 1960-1972 | 6.5 | 17% | 302.137500 | 4.96 | 73.3647% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Engineering transfer from United States Army rockets to early satellites and crewed launchers美国陆军火箭向早期卫星与载人发射器的工程转移OUT-SL0213-1945-1960-US-ARMY-EARLY-SPACE-LAUNCHERS · 1945-1965 | 5.4 | 20% | 100.037447 | 4.01 | 24.2910% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Collier’s and Disney public space-communication content deliveryCollier’s与Disney航天公众传播内容交付OUT-SL0213-1950S-SPACE-MEDIA-ADVOCACY-DELIVERY · 1950s | 3.1 | 28% | 9.654775 | 2.06 | 2.3444% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Marshall integration and the Saturn V heavy-lift launch systemMarshall整合与Saturn V超重型发射系统OUT-SL0213-1960-1972-SATURN-V-LAUNCH-SYSTEM
Record year1960-1972
summaryAs director of the Marshall Center and, as NASA describes him, Saturn V's chief architect, he participated in integrating engines, structures, guidance, manufacturing, and launch operations into a heavy-lift launch vehicle that actually carried Apollo lunar-transfer launches. It is counted as one launch system; individual Apollo missions, lunar landings, and scientific benefits are not claimed again.
Original Chinese · summary
作为 Marshall 中心主任及 NASA 所称 Saturn V chief architect，参与将发动机、结构、制导、制造和发射运行整合为实际承担 Apollo 月球转移发射的超重型运载火箭。按一个发射系统计；每次 Apollo、登月行动和科学收益不重复领取。
M rationaleThrough development in the 1960s, Saturn V integrated engines, interstage structures, guidance, manufacturing, and launch operations into a heavy-lift launch system that made multiple successful launches through 1972, assigned M6.5. M covers only delivery of the launch system; lunar operations, scientific instruments, and subsequent space achievements do not feed back into it.
Original Chinese · M rationale
Saturn V经1960年代研发，将发动机、级间结构、制导、制造与发射运行整合为至1972年多次成功发射的超重型运载系统，取M6.5。M仅覆盖运载系统交付；登月行动、科学仪器和后续航天成果不回灌。
attribution rationalevon Braun 0.17; Marshall team 0.22; NASA and federal organization 0.15; contractors 0.20; technical prior work 0.10; launch-mission teams 0.10; unresolved 0.06.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
von Braun 0.17；Marshall团队0.22；NASA与联邦组织0.15；承包商0.20；技术前史0.10；发射任务团队0.10；未解析0.06。
overlap boundaryFrom 1960 to 1972, the Marshall Center and multiple contractors integrated the Saturn V heavy-lift launch vehicle, which actually carried Apollo spacecraft on lunar-transfer launches. It is counted as one launch system; every Apollo mission, lunar landing, scientific instrument, policy outcome, and all United States space achievements are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1960至1972年Marshall中心与多承包商整合Saturn V超重型运载火箭，并实际承担Apollo飞船月球转移发射。按一个发射系统计；每次Apollo、登月行动、科学仪器、政策和所有美国航天成就排除。
Evidence gapsMarshall decision records and contract breakdowns are needed to determine the person's marginal contribution to configuration, management, and mission outcomes.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需Marshall决策记录与合同分解个人对构型、管理和任务结果的边际贡献。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.17Wernher von BraunOriginal Chinese · 沃纳·冯·布劳恩Person
- 0.22Marshall Space Flight Center engineering teamOriginal Chinese · Marshall 航天飞行中心工程团队Team
- 0.15NASA Apollo programme management and federal funding systemOriginal Chinese · NASA Apollo 项目管理与联邦资助体系Team
- 0.2Rocketdyne, North American, IBM, and the contractor systemOriginal Chinese · Rocketdyne、North American、IBM 及承包系统Team
- 0.1Prior work in propulsion, structures, guidance, and heavy-lift launch engineeringOriginal Chinese · 推进、结构、制导与重型发射工程前史Predecessor pool
- 0.1Mission control, launch operations, and astronautsOriginal Chinese · 任务控制、发射运行与宇航员Team
- 0.06Unresolved attribution for system architecture and managementOriginal Chinese · 尚未解析的系统架构与管理归属Unallocated
Source links
- NASA: von Braun biographical profile ↗Original Chinese label · NASA：冯·布劳恩人物资料
- Smithsonian Air & Space: Saturn V engineering review ↗Original Chinese label · 史密森尼《Air & Space》：Saturn V 工程回顾
02Engineering transfer from United States Army rockets to early satellites and crewed launchers美国陆军火箭向早期卫星与载人发射器的工程转移OUT-SL0213-1945-1960-US-ARMY-EARLY-SPACE-LAUNCHERS
Record year1945-1965
summaryFrom the postwar period through the mid-1960s, the team participated in the engineering chain of Redstone, Juno-1, Mercury-Redstone, and Saturn I, as well as the residual transfer from military rocket technology to satellite and early crewed launches. It is counted once as a launcher family, not replicated for every model or mission; Explorer science, all Mercury missions, policy, and budgets are excluded.
Original Chinese · summary
战后至1960年代中期团队参与Redstone、Juno-1、Mercury-Redstone与Saturn I的工程链，以及从军用火箭技术向卫星和早期载人发射的残余转移。按发射器家族计一次，不按每型或每次任务复制；Explorer科学、Mercury全部任务、政策和预算排除。
M rationaleThe actual system transfer from missile engineering to satellite/crewed launch across several launcher types is assigned M5.4. The technical value of the V-2 itself is not counted again here; source material not read model by model only broadens a and the interval.
Original Chinese · M rationale
跨多型发射器完成从导弹工程到卫星/载人发射的实际系统转移，取M5.4。V-2本身的技术价值不在此重复；资料未逐型读只扩大a与区间。
attribution rationalevon Braun 0.20; German rocket team 0.17; Army and launches 0.18; JPL/Explorer 0.10; contractor manufacturing and testing 0.13; technical prior work 0.12; astronauts and mission teams 0.06; unresolved 0.04.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
von Braun 0.20；德国火箭团队0.17；陆军与发射0.18；JPL/Explorer 0.10；承包制造测试0.13；技术前史0.12；宇航员及任务团队0.06；未解析0.04。
overlap boundaryFrom the postwar period through the mid-1960s, the team participated in the engineering chain of Redstone, Juno-1, Mercury-Redstone, and Saturn I, as well as the residual transfer from military rocket technology to satellite and early crewed launches. It is counted once as a launcher family, not replicated for every model or mission; Explorer science, all Mercury missions, policy, and budgets are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
战后至1960年代中期团队参与Redstone、Juno-1、Mercury-Redstone与Saturn I的工程链，以及从军用火箭技术向卫星和早期载人发射的残余转移。按发射器家族计一次，不按每型或每次任务复制；Explorer科学、Mercury全部任务、政策和预算排除。
Evidence gapsDesign sign-offs, manufacturers, failed/successful missions, and the boundary between military and civilian uses are needed for each model.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需逐型设计签署、制造商、失败/成功任务及军民用途边界。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.2Wernher von BraunOriginal Chinese · 沃纳·冯·布劳恩Person
- 0.17Paperclip German rocket engineering teamOriginal Chinese · Paperclip 德国火箭工程团队Team
- 0.18United States Army ordnance system and launch-operations personnelOriginal Chinese · 美国陆军军械体系与发射运行人员Team
- 0.1JPL, Explorer, and science-payload teamsOriginal Chinese · JPL、Explorer 与科学载荷团队Team
- 0.13United States contractor manufacturing and testing teamsOriginal Chinese · 美国承包制造与测试团队Team
- 0.12Prior work in liquid rockets and missile engineeringOriginal Chinese · 液体火箭与导弹工程前史Predecessor pool
- 0.06Astronauts, NASA predecessor institutions, and mission teamsOriginal Chinese · 宇航员、NASA 前身机构及任务团队Team
- 0.04Unresolved design and mission attributionOriginal Chinese · 尚未解析的设计与任务归属Unallocated
Source links
- NASA Science: von Braun and early United States rockets ↗Original Chinese label · NASA Science：冯·布劳恩与早期美国火箭
- Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Project Paperclip ↗Original Chinese label · 史密森尼国家航空航天博物馆：Project Paperclip
03Collier’s and Disney public space-communication content deliveryCollier’s与Disney航天公众传播内容交付OUT-SL0213-1950S-SPACE-MEDIA-ADVOCACY-DELIVERY
Record year1950s
Original Chinese · record year
1950年代
summaryParticipated in identifiable public space-communication content for Collier’s and Disney, translating rocket and space concepts into magazine and television media. Only specific technical-communication services are counted; media teams, audiences, Congress, and NASA public affairs jointly determined the impact, and no policy causation has been established.
Original Chinese · summary
参与 Collier’s 与 Disney 的可定位航天公众传播内容，把火箭与空间设想转译为杂志和电视媒介。只计具体技术传播服务；媒体团队、受众、国会和 NASA 公共事务共同决定影响，未建立政策因果。
M rationaleThere is a clear cross-media technical-communication delivery; M3.1 is assigned as a public-science content service. Unknown reader and policy causation only limits the scope.
Original Chinese · M rationale
有明确跨媒体技术传播交付，按大众科学内容服务取M3.1；读者和政策因果未知只限制scope。
attribution rationalevon Braun 0.28; Collier’s team 0.20; Disney team 0.22; public-affairs environment 0.08; communication prior work 0.10; audience/unresolved 0.12.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
von Braun 0.28；Collier’s团队0.20；Disney团队0.22；公共事务环境0.08；传播前史0.10；受众/未解析0.12。
overlap boundarySpecific space-communication content produced in Collier’s and Disney in the 1950s. Only identifiable media delivery is counted; NASA public support, congressional policy, all programme content, and celebrity fame are not claimed.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1950年代在Collier’s和Disney中参与制作的具体航天传播内容。只计可定位媒体交付，不领取NASA公众支持、国会政策、全部节目内容或名人知名度。
Evidence gapsSpecific programmes, credits, audiences, and whether the content downplayed the history of the V-2 require verification.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需具体节目、署名、受众及是否淡化V-2历史的内容核查。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.28Wernher von BraunOriginal Chinese · 沃纳·冯·布劳恩Person
- 0.2Collier’s editors, writers, and illustratorsOriginal Chinese · 《Collier’s》编辑、作者与插画人员Team
- 0.22Disney production, writing, animation, and distribution teamOriginal Chinese · Disney 制片、编剧、动画与发行团队Team
- 0.08NASA and the United States space public-affairs environmentOriginal Chinese · NASA 与美国航天公共事务环境Team
- 0.1Prior work in popular-science and space-advocacy communicationOriginal Chinese · 大众科学与航天倡导传播前史Predecessor pool
- 0.12Audiences and unresolved policy effectsOriginal Chinese · 受众及尚未解析的政策影响Team
Source links
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Out-of-scope matters and responsibility boundaries
未纳入范围与责任边界
Reason The weapon attacks of the A-4/V-2, the enslaved labour at Mittelwerk/Mittelbau-Dora, and their lethal consequences are not separated into positive technical benefits; the individual's share of responsibility has not been quantified.
Original Chinese reason
A-4/V-2 的武器攻击、Mittelwerk/Mittelbau-Dora 被奴役劳动及其死亡后果不被拆成技术正向收益；个人责任份额尚未量化。
Source links
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
Out-of-scope matters and responsibility boundaries
未纳入范围与责任边界
Reason Explorer scientific achievements, all Mercury missions, Apollo lunar-landing operations, astronaut activities, United States space policy, and budgets are not attributed to the individual.
Original Chinese reason
Explorer 科学成果、Mercury 全部任务、Apollo 登月行动、宇航员活动、美国航天政策与预算不归入个人。
Source links
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
Out-of-scope matters and responsibility boundaries
未纳入范围与责任边界
Reason Unsubstantiated public mobilisation, policy persuasion, or all United States missile achievements are not counted.
Original Chinese reason
未证实的公众动员、政策说服或所有美国导弹成就不计。
Source links
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
A-4/V-2 weapons and the consequences of forced labour
A-4/V-2武器及强迫劳动后果
Reason The actual delivery of the A-4/V-2 was a wartime ballistic missile; its production was directly embedded in enslaved labour at Mittelwerk/Mittelbau-Dora. Historical estimates of at least ten thousand deaths and the weapon attacks cannot be separated from the technical outcome. Under D06, purely technical potential is not separated into positive M and then deducted elsewhere; technical leadership and facts of harm are disclosed, but the net positive is unclear and is not provisionally included in the positive total. Precise archival allocation is still needed for personal responsibility for forced-labour decisions, knowledge, and intervention.
Original Chinese reason
A-4/V-2实际交付就是战争弹道导弹，生产直接嵌入Mittelwerk/Mittelbau-Dora奴役劳动，至少一万死亡的史学估计与武器攻击不能从技术成果分离。按D06不把纯技术潜力拆成正M后再另扣；公开技术领导与伤害事实，但净正不明，暂不进入正向合计。个人对强迫劳动决策、知情与干预的精确责任另需档案分配。
Source links
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
- Primary institutional materials and historical research ↗Original Chinese label · 原始机构资料与历史研究
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
Read the method in English →