Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Montesquieu
Recorded name: 孟德斯鸠
Montesquieu (1689–1755) was a French thinker and author of Persian Letters, Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, and The Spirit of the Laws. He studied law and power through comparative history and institutions.
Original Chinese introduction
孟德斯鸠（1689—1755）是法国思想家，著有《波斯人信札》《罗马盛衰原因论》和《论法的精神》，以比较历史与制度的方式研究法律和权力。
His research connected classical historiography, natural law, and modern European political experience. It addressed liberty and checks on power, while retaining limitations in its generalizations about climate, gender, and regions.
Original Chinese context
他的研究连接古典史学、自然法与近代欧洲政治经验，既讨论自由和权力制衡，也留下气候、性别及地域概括的局限。
Introduction sources
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科
- Folger Shakespeare Library ↗Original Chinese label · 弗尔杰莎士比亚图书馆
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
3 included contributions have incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 3 outcomes within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列3项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
3 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01Multi-factor comparative method for legal, institutional, and environmental relations法律、制度与环境关系的多因素比较方法OUT-SL0124-1748-LAWS-INSTITUTIONS-COMPARATIVE-METHOD · 1748 | 5.8 | 38% | 301.464729 | 4.96 | 65.9737% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 02Literary-political critical method via the perspective of foreign letters异域书信视角的文学—政治批判方法OUT-SL0124-1721-PERSIAN-LETTERS-CRITICAL-PERSPECTIVE · 1721 | 4.6 | 45% | 89.336804 | 3.91 | 19.5508% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
| 03Comparative history of the rise and fall of Roman institutions and anti-imitation analysis罗马制度兴衰的比较历史与反模仿分析OUT-SL0124-1734-ROMAN-COMPARATIVE-HISTORY · 1734 | 4.4 | 42% | 66.145514 | 3.65 | 14.4755% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01Multi-factor comparative method for legal, institutional, and environmental relations法律、制度与环境关系的多因素比较方法OUT-SL0124-1748-LAWS-INSTITUTIONS-COMPARATIVE-METHOD
Record year1748
Original Chinese · record year
1748
summaryIn 1748, The Spirit of the Laws places legal institutions in analysis within the relations of governmental principles, liberty, religion, wealth, commerce, customs, geography, and climate, and discusses the interaction and checks and balances of powers, judicial independence, and limits on criminal law. Separation of powers is not reduced to absolute isolation; modern constitutionalism, social science, and state institutions are excluded.
Original Chinese · summary
1748《论法的精神》把法律制度置于政体原则、自由、宗教、财富、商业、风俗、地理和气候关系中分析，并讨论权力互动制衡、司法独立和刑法限制。分权不简化为绝对隔离；现代宪政、社会科学和国家制度排除。
M rationaleMulti-factor institutional analysis and checks and balances of powers constitute a method reusable across regimes, with civilizational scale taken as M5.8. Climate determinism tendencies, generalizations about Asia and gender hierarchies, and the discussion that slavery is 'more tolerable' under certain conditions are inseparable empirical/normative defects within the framework, significantly limiting the upper bound but not zeroing the method.
Original Chinese · M rationale
多因素制度分析和权力制衡构成跨政体复用的方法，文明尺度取M5.8。气候决定倾向、亚洲与性别等级概括，以及对奴隶制在某些条件下‘较可容忍’的论述，是框架内部不可分经验/规范缺陷，显著限制高档但不清零方法。
attribution rationaleMontesquieu 0.38; prior development in jurisprudence and institutions 0.27; source materials 0.10; publication and translation 0.12; actual observation and argumentation networks 0.05; unresolved 0.08. Subsequent constitution-makers are only adopted outside the scope, not included in the budget due to historical influence.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Montesquieu 0.38；法理与制度前史0.27；资料来源0.10；出版翻译0.12；实际观察论争网络0.05；未解析0.08。后继制宪者只作scope外采用，不因历史影响入预算。
overlap boundaryIn 1748, The Spirit of the Laws places legal institutions in analysis within the relations of governmental principles, liberty, religion, wealth, commerce, customs, geography, and climate, and discusses the interaction and checks and balances of powers, judicial independence, and limits on criminal law. Separation of powers is not reduced to absolute isolation; modern constitutionalism, social science, and state institutions are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1748《论法的精神》把法律制度置于政体原则、自由、宗教、财富、商业、风俗、地理和气候关系中分析，并讨论权力互动制衡、司法独立和刑法限制。分权不简化为绝对隔离；现代宪政、社会科学和国家制度排除。
Evidence gapsThe original text requires distinguishing environmental description, irony, empirical assertion, and normative endorsement. The volume boundaries of colonial, slavery, Asian, and gender propositions await verification.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
需原文区分环境描述、讽刺、经验断言和规范认可。；殖民、奴隶、亚洲和性别命题的卷次边界待核。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.38MontesquieuOriginal Chinese · 孟德斯鸠Person
- 0.27Natural law, political-form theory, and antecedents of British institutionsOriginal Chinese · 自然法、政体理论与英国制度前史Predecessor pool
- 0.1Providers of legal, historical, and commercial materialsOriginal Chinese · 法律、历史和商业资料提供者Team
- 0.12Publishers, editors, translators, and early reader feedbackOriginal Chinese · 出版者、编辑、译者及早期阅读反馈Team
- 0.05Participants in institutional observation and debateOriginal Chinese · 制度观察与争论参与者Team
- 0.08Unresolved contributionsOriginal Chinese · 尚未解析的贡献Unallocated
Source links
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科
- Works and historical research materials ↗Original Chinese label · 作品与历史研究资料
02Literary-political critical method via the perspective of foreign letters异域书信视角的文学—政治批判方法OUT-SL0124-1721-PERSIAN-LETTERS-CRITICAL-PERSPECTIVE
Record year1721
Original Chinese · record year
1721
summaryIn 1721, Persian Letters uses fictional letters from Usbek, Rica, and others to subject European customs, religion, authority, and law to the scrutiny of a foreign gaze. Only the literary device and political-social critique are counted; characters' statements do not directly equal the author's position; later Enlightenment literature and tolerance policies are excluded.
Original Chinese · summary
1721《波斯人信札》用Usbek、Rica等虚构来信使欧洲习俗、宗教、权威和法律接受陌生目光审视。只计文学装置和政治社会批判；人物言论不直接等于作者立场，后世启蒙文学和宽容政策排除。
M rationaleThis text turns perspective-shifting into a reusable method of social critique, combining literary delivery and political reflection, taken as M4.6. The complex normative tensions of exoticized characters and narratives of domestic despotism enter the boundary; not collating the French first edition only affects confidence.
Original Chinese · M rationale
该文本把视角转换变成可复用的社会批判方法，兼有文学交付和政治反思，取M4.6。异域角色刻板化及家庭专制叙述的复杂规范张力进入边界；未校法文初版只影响置信度。
attribution rationaleMontesquieu 0.45; prior development in genre 0.23; anonymous publication chain 0.10; translation, editing, and readership 0.12; unresolved 0.10. Subsequent writers without direct transmission are not included in the budget.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Montesquieu 0.45；文类前史0.23；匿名出版链0.10；翻译编辑读者0.12；未解析0.10。无直接传递的后继作家不入预算。
overlap boundaryIn 1721, Persian Letters uses fictional letters from Usbek, Rica, and others to subject European customs, religion, authority, and law to the scrutiny of a foreign gaze. Only the literary device and political-social critique are counted; characters' statements do not directly equal the author's position; later Enlightenment literature and tolerance policies are excluded.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1721《波斯人信札》用Usbek、Rica等虚构来信使欧洲习俗、宗教、权威和法律接受陌生目光审视。只计文学装置和政治社会批判；人物言论不直接等于作者立场，后世启蒙文学和宽容政策排除。
Evidence gapsThe French first edition and version differences, character discourse, and author stance boundaries await calibration.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
法文初版与版本差异、角色话语和作者立场边界待校准。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.45MontesquieuOriginal Chinese · 孟德斯鸠Person
- 0.23Antecedents of travel writing, epistolary forms, and literature of foreign observationOriginal Chinese · 游记、书信体与异域观察文学前史Predecessor pool
- 0.1Anonymous publication and early editingOriginal Chinese · 匿名出版与早期编辑Team
- 0.12Translators, editors, and text readersOriginal Chinese · 译者、编辑与文本读者Team
- 0.1Unresolved textual attributionOriginal Chinese · 尚未解析的文本归属Unallocated
Source links
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科
- Folger Shakespeare Library ↗Original Chinese label · 弗尔杰莎士比亚图书馆
03Comparative history of the rise and fall of Roman institutions and anti-imitation analysis罗马制度兴衰的比较历史与反模仿分析OUT-SL0124-1734-ROMAN-COMPARATIVE-HISTORY
Record year1734
Original Chinese · record year
1734
summaryThe 1734 Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline uses the Roman case to analyze institutions, power, and decline, and opposes taking Rome directly as a model for modern government. Only the comparative historical method experiment is counted; it does not claim the full explanation of Roman history or subsequent comparative politics.
Original Chinese · summary
1734《罗马盛衰原因论》用罗马个案分析制度、权力与衰败，并反对把罗马直接当现代政府样板。只计比较历史方法试验，不领取罗马史全部解释或后世比较政治。
M rationaleForms a reusable method for comparing historical cases and institutions, rated M4.4. Causal judgments on historical sources have not yet been verified chapter by chapter to enter the interval; the M rating is not reduced due to source form.
Original Chinese · M rationale
形成可复用的历史个案与制度比较方法，取M4.4。史料因果判断尚未逐章核定进入区间，不因资料形式降M。
attribution rationaleMontesquieu 0.42; Roman historical sources and historiographical antecedents 0.30; publication readership 0.10; translation and editing 0.08; unresolved 0.10.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
Montesquieu 0.42；罗马史料与史学前史0.30；出版读者0.10；翻译编辑0.08；未解析0.10。
overlap boundaryThe 1734 Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline uses the Roman case to analyze institutions, power, and decline, and opposes taking Rome directly as a model for modern government. Only the comparative historical method experiment is counted; it does not claim the full explanation of Roman history or subsequent comparative politics.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1734《罗马盛衰原因论》用罗马个案分析制度、权力与衰败，并反对把罗马直接当现代政府样板。只计比较历史方法试验，不领取罗马史全部解释或后世比较政治。
Evidence gapsSource selection and each causal judgment on rise and decline await verification.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
史料选择和每项兴衰因果判断待核。
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.42MontesquieuOriginal Chinese · 孟德斯鸠Person
- 0.3Roman sources and antecedents of classical historiographyOriginal Chinese · 罗马史料与古典史学前史Team
- 0.1Early publication, editing, and reader feedbackOriginal Chinese · 早期出版、编辑与阅读反馈Team
- 0.08Translators and later editorsOriginal Chinese · 译者与后续编辑Team
- 0.1Unresolved historical-research inputsOriginal Chinese · 尚未解析的历史研究输入Unallocated
Source links
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Specific outcomes of judicial and learned-society posts
司法与学会任职的具体成果
Reason He had actual contact with litigation, prisons, and penal administration and published learned-society papers, but no specific case, reform, teaching, or scientific-method terminal outcome is available; a post itself does not create M.
Original Chinese reason
实际接触诉讼、监狱、刑罚管理并发表学会论文，但缺具体案件、改革、教学或科学方法终态；职位本身不创造M。
Source links
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ↗Original Chinese label · 斯坦福哲学百科
- Folger Shakespeare Library ↗Original Chinese label · 弗尔杰莎士比亚图书馆
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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