Displayed to two decimal places.
PERSON · STARLIGHT
Otto von Bismarck
Recorded name: 奥托·冯·俾斯麦
Otto von Bismarck was a political figure of the German Empire who participated in German unification and advanced early social-insurance legislation.
Original Chinese introduction
奥托·冯·俾斯麦是德意志帝国政治人物，参与德国统一并推动早期社会保险立法。
During Bismarck's tenure, workers' sickness, accident, and old-age and disability insurance advanced alongside repressive measures such as the Anti-Socialist Law. His wars of unification, diplomacy, insurance system, and political repression each have specific implementation chains; the protection provided by insurance must be assessed together with contribution requirements and limits of coverage.
Original Chinese context
俾斯麦任内推动工人疾病、事故及老年伤残保险，也实施反社会主义法等压制措施。他的统一战争、外交、保险制度和政治镇压各有具体执行链，保险的保障作用与自身缴费、覆盖局限需要一并评估。
Introduction sources
- German Historical Museum: Social Legislation ↗Original Chinese label · 德国历史博物馆社会立法
- German Historical Museum: Anti-Socialist Law ↗Original Chinese label · 德国历史博物馆反社会主义法
- German Historical Museum: Founding of the Empire ↗Original Chinese label · 德国历史博物馆帝国建立
Derived from the current score.
Contribution groups assessed so far; coverage is still being expanded.
ASSESSMENT SCOPEWhat this score covers
All included contribution titles and notes are available in English. The complete original text remains available in Chinese; both editions use the same scores and source links.
Uncovered contributions and unresolved harms are not treated as zero. This is not a complete assessment of a lifetime.
1 included contribution has incomplete evidence; the relevant gap appears with that contribution.
Original scope note
This research record currently includes 1 outcome within a limited scope; M and attribution shares are revisable judgments. Uncovered content and negative effects not yet clarified are not treated as zero; specific gaps appear in the item-by-item explanations.
Original Chinese scope
本轮当前已列1项有限研究账；M与归功份额为可修订判断。未覆盖内容和未核清的负面作用不按零处理，具体缺口见逐项说明。
CALCULATIONHow the score is calculated
Q = 10^(M/2) − 1; Lᵢ = aᵢ × Qᵢ; L = Σ Lᵢ; S = 2 × log₁₀(1 + L).
M is an outcome’s assessed magnitude and a is the person’s allocated share. A standalone score is only a per-item reference; the attributed light from distinct contributions is what can be combined.
SCORE DETAILS
1 evaluated contributions
M is the assessed magnitude of an outcome; attribution is the person’s share of credit. Attributed light can be added. The standalone score is only a per-item reference and must not be added across rows.
Scroll sideways for scores and attribution.
| Outcome | M | Attribution share | Attributed light | Standalone score | Share of total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01A statutory social insurance system for illness, accidents, old age, and disability.疾病、事故、老年与伤残的法定社会保险制度OUT-SL0460-1883-1889-STATUTORY-SOCIAL-INSURANCE · 1883–1889 | 6.1 | 18% | 201.783322 | 4.61 | 100.0000% | Provisional estimate · incomplete evidence |
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NOTES AND SOURCES
Contribution notes and source links
English translations of the included notes appear below, with their Chinese originals available for comparison.
01A statutory social insurance system for illness, accidents, old age, and disability.疾病、事故、老年与伤残的法定社会保险制度OUT-SL0460-1883-1889-STATUTORY-SOCIAL-INSURANCE
Record year1883–1889
summaryEstablishing, through imperial law, entitlements to sickness benefits that can be retained with job changes, no-fault accident coverage, and old-age/disability insurance, making certain social risks a continuous responsibility of the state.
Original Chinese · summary
以帝国法律建立可随工作变动保留的疾病给付请求权、无过错事故保障以及老年/伤残保险，使部分社会风险成为持续国家制度责任。
M rationaleThree enforceable laws establishing statutory rights and continuous financing/administrative structures across sickness, accidents, old age, and disability, reaching a magnitude of a major national-level system. M has incorporated narrow occupational coverage, the burden of worker contributions, insufficient benefits, and administrative exclusions; these are direct distributive limitations of the system itself. The suppression of political participation was implemented by another law in 1878 and police measures, not conflated with insurance M through personal deductions.
Original Chinese · M rationale
三部可执行法律建立跨疾病、事故、老年与伤残的法定权利和持续融资/行政结构，达到全国级重大制度量级。M已纳狭窄职业覆盖、工人缴费负担、给付不足和行政排除；这些是制度自身直接分配局限。政治参与压制由1878年另一法律与警察链实施，不以人格抵扣混入保险M。
attribution rationaleOtto von Bismarck 0.18; German Imperial Diet and social insurance legislators 0.22; Imperial social policy officials and drafting teams 0.16; Employers, worker funds, and insurance administrators 0.12; German mutual aid funds, factory funds, and the prehistory of European social policy 0.18; Unresolved attribution of social insurance 0.14. Shares are revisable research judgments.
Original Chinese · attribution rationale
奥托·冯·俾斯麦 0.18；德意志帝国议会与社会保险立法者 0.22；帝国社会政策官员与起草团队 0.16；雇主、工人基金与保险管理者 0.12；德国互助基金、工厂基金与欧洲社会政策前史 0.18；未解析社会保险归功 0.14。份额为可修订研究判断。
overlap boundaryThe statutory rights and financing/implementation systems of the 1883 Workers' Sickness Insurance, 1884 Accident Insurance, and 1889 Old Age and Disability Insurance; does not include post-1918 labor rights, later welfare states, all medical improvements, or contemporary anti-socialist repression.
Original Chinese · overlap boundary
1883工人疾病保险、1884事故保险及1889老年与伤残保险的法定权利和融资/执行制度；不领取1918后劳动权、后世福利国家、全部医疗改善或同时期反社会主义镇压。
Evidence gapsThe drafters, amendments and voting coalitions for each of the three laws have not been fully established. Occupational, gender and class exclusions, contribution burdens, administrative costs and the distribution of benefits are covered only in overview. Detailed implementation evidence has not yet established whether the system imposed a net burden on some workers.
Original Chinese · evidence gaps
三部法的起草者、修正案与投票联盟尚未逐案闭合；保险执行中的职业/性别/阶层排除、缴费分配、行政负担和受益分布仅有概览；尚未以微观执行资料验证制度是否对部分工人产生净负担
Full attribution budget
Every recorded actor remains visible. Share (0–1) retains the ledger’s exact decimal value.
- 0.18Otto von BismarckOriginal Chinese · 奥托·冯·俾斯麦Person
- 0.22German Reichstag and social-insurance legislatorsOriginal Chinese · 德意志帝国议会与社会保险立法者Institution
- 0.16Imperial social-policy officials and drafting teamOriginal Chinese · 帝国社会政策官员与起草团队Team
- 0.12Employers, workers' funds, and insurance administratorsOriginal Chinese · 雇主、工人基金与保险管理者Team
- 0.18German mutual-aid funds, factory funds, and European social-policy prehistoryOriginal Chinese · 德国互助基金、工厂基金与欧洲社会政策前史Predecessor pool
- 0.14Unresolved attribution for social insuranceOriginal Chinese · 未解析社会保险归功Unallocated
Source links
- Original works, institutional archives, and research ↗Original Chinese label · 原作、机构档案与研究
- Original works, institutional archives, and research ↗Original Chinese label · 原作、机构档案与研究
BOUNDARIES NOT COUNTED
Not included in this score
These subjects are recorded as exclusions and are not silently treated as zero or as part of the included outcomes.
Unification through war and imperial state-building
战争统一与帝国建构
Reason The 1866 war, the 1870–71 war, and Prussian-led state-building belong to one delivery chain. War deaths, coercion, and exclusion are direct inseparable consequences, so national unification cannot be extracted alone as positive M. The current museum overview is insufficient to assess a net positive.
Original Chinese reason
1866战争、1870–71战争和普鲁士主导的国家建构属于同一交付链；战争伤亡、强制与排斥是直接不可分后果，不能只抽出国家统一作正M。现有博物馆概览不足以判断净正。
Anti-Socialist Law and police repression
反社会主义法与警察镇压
Reason The 1878 law and its bans on organization, publication, and assembly, together with police enforcement, form a separate legal and enforcement chain. Serious harms are retained in full but are not deducted again from the separable social-insurance outcome. No positive M is set here.
Original Chinese reason
1878法及其组织、出版、集会禁令和警察执行是独立法律与执行链；严重伤害完整保留，但不与可分社会保险点重复扣。现不设正M。
Kulturkampf and exclusion of political Catholicism
Kulturkampf与政治天主教排斥
Reason The materials read mainly establish exclusion of the Church/Centre Party, legal repression, and its later substantial repeal. They do not yet establish an independently net-positive delivery for M, and a secularization label cannot obscure coercion.
Original Chinese reason
已读材料主要证明排除教会/中央党、法律压制及后来大部撤回；尚无独立净正交付可设M，亦不能用世俗化标签掩盖强制。
Post-1871 alliance and diplomatic system
1871后联盟与外交体系
Reason LeMO supports his intention to stabilize the empire and isolate France after the new wars, but intention is not a peaceful delivery, and alliance exclusion and military commitments are risks within the same system. The current record is insufficient to assess a net positive.
Original Chinese reason
LeMO可证其意图在新战争后稳定帝国并孤立法国，但意图不等于和平交付，且联盟排斥和军事承诺属于同一体系风险。当前不足以判定净正。
Colonial policy and company-imperial action
殖民政策与公司—帝国行动
Reason The current foundation page establishes only that archival research exists in this field; it does not establish specific personal decisions. Colonial coercion and harm are also an unavoidable D06 boundary, so no M/a is set.
Original Chinese reason
现有基金会页只证明该领域存在档案研究，不能证明具体个人决策；殖民强制与伤害又是不可绕过的D06边界，故不设M/a。
How to read this score
Scores can change when evidence is reviewed. The method page explains how magnitude, attribution, and included results relate to the displayed score.
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